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Term 1 MD > Histology Terms > Flashcards

Histology Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelium

A

-Characterized by close cell apposition and presence at a free surface.
-Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and forms glands
-Contiguous layer of cells conjoined by inter-cellular junctions. Acting as a multicellular “membrane”, epithelia line surfaces, cavities, and lumen
-Further defined based on the morphology of the apical cell layer that faces the lumen. (Ex. squamous, cuboidal or columnar)

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2
Q

Nucleus

A

Function: Storage and use of genome
Pathology: Inherited genetic diseases; environmentally induced mutations

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3
Q

Nucleolus

A

Function: Synthesis of rRNA and partial assembly of ribosomal subunits
-Involved in regulation of cell cycle
Pathology: Werner syndrome (premature aging disease); Malfunctions of cell cycle leading to cancerogenesis

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4
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Function: Ion and nutrient transport, recognition of environmental signal, cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesions
Pathology: Cystic fibrosis, Intestinal malabsorption syndromes, lactose intolerance

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5
Q

rER

A

Function: Binds ribosomes engaged in translating mRNA for proteins destined for secretion or for membrane insertion. Also involved in chemical modifications of proteins and membrane lipid synthesis.
Pathology: Pseudoachondroplasia; Calcium phosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease.

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6
Q

Simple epithelium

A

An epithelial “membrane” comprised of a single layer of cells.

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7
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

More than one layer of cells.

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8
Q

Pseudo-stratified epithelia

A

Appear to be multilayered as suggested by the distribution of their nuclei, but in higher resolution preparations all cells rest on the basement membrane, although not all cells extend up to the lumen/surface.

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9
Q

Transitional epithelium (urothelium)

A

Especially designed to accommodate the expansible nature of the urinary tract and bladder.

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10
Q

Endothelium

A

The blood vessels and lymphatics are lined by a simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

Mesothelium

A

Epithelium lining peritoneal/pleural spaces

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12
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia

A

Appear to be multilayered as suggested by the distribution of their nuclei, but in higher resolution preparations all cells rest on the basement membrane, although not all cells extend up to the lumen/surface.

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13
Q

Serous cells

A

Protein secretor.

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14
Q

Chloroquine

A

An agent used in the treatment and prevention of malaria.

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15
Q

Gaucher disease

A

-Disorder of sphingolipid degradation
-Protein Deficiency: Glucocerebrosidase
-Accumulating Product: Glucosylceramide

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16
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

-Disorder of Sphingolipid Degradation
-Protein Deficiency: beta-hexosaminidase, alpha-subunit
-Accumulating Product: GM2 ganglioside

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17
Q

Sandhoff disease

A

-Disorder of sphingolipid degradation
-Beta-Hexosaminidase, beta-subunit
-Protein Deficiency: GM2 ganglioside, oligosaccharides
-Accumulating Product: GM2 ganglioside, oligosaccarides

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18
Q

Krabbe disease

A

-Disorder of sphingolipid degradation
-Protein Deficiency: Galactosylceramidase
-Accumulating Product: Gal-ceramide, gal-sphingosine

19
Q

Niemann-Pick disease A, B

A

-Disorder of sphingolipid degradation
-Protein Deficiency: Sphingomyelinase
-Accumulating Product: Sphingomyelin

20
Q

Disorders of Sphingolipid Degradation

A

1) Guacher Disease
2) Tay-Sachs Disease
3) Sandhoff Disease
4) Krabbe Disease
5) Niemann-Pick Disease A, B

21
Q

Aspartylglycosaminuria

A

-Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation
-Protein Deficiency: Aspartylglycosaminidase
-Accumulating Product: N-linked oligosaccharides

22
Q

alpha-Mannosidosis

A

-Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation
-Protein Deficiency: alpha-Mannosidase
-Accumulating Product: alpha-Mannosides

23
Q

Hurler Syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis I, MPS I)

A

-Disorders of Glycosaminoglycan Degradation
-Protein Deficiency: alpha-L-iduoronidase
-Accumulating Product: Derman sulfate, heparan sulfate

24
Q

Hunter Syndrome (MPS II)

A

-Disorders of Glycosaminoglycan Degradation
-Protein Deficiency: L-Iduronate sulfatase
-Accumulating Product: Dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate

25
Q

Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS IV)

A

-Disorders of Glycosaminoglycan Degradation
-Protein Deficiency: GalNAc 4-sulfatase/arylsulfatase B
-Accumulating Product: Dermatan sulfate

26
Q

Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation

A

1) Aspartylglycosaminuria
2) alpha-Mannosidosis

27
Q

Disorders of Glycosaminoglycan Degradation

A

1) Hurler syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis I, MPS I)
2) Hunter syndrome (MPS II)
3) Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome (MPS IV)

28
Q

Other Disorders of Single Enzyme Deficiency

A

1) Pompe Disease (glycogenosis II)
2) Wolman disease (familial xanthomatosis)
3) Canavan disease (aspartoacylase deficiency)

29
Q

Pompe Disease (Glycogenosis II)

A

-Other disorders of single enzyme deficiency
-alpha-1,4-Glucosidase
-Accumulating Product: Glycogen

30
Q

Wolman disease (familial xanthomatosis)

A

-Other disorders of single enzyme deficiency
-Acid lipase
-Cholesterol esters, triglycerides

31
Q

Canavan disease (aspartoacylase deficiency)

A

-Other disorders of single enzyme deficiency
-Aspartoacylase
-Accumulating Product (or defective process): N-acetylaspartic acid

32
Q

Disorders of Lysosomal Biogenesis

A

-Inclusion-cell (I-cell) disease, mucolipidosis II
-Protein Deficiency: GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAcP-Tase); leads to defective sorting of most soluble hydrolytic lysosomal enzymes
-Accumulating Product: Lysosomal hydrolyses are not present in lysosomes

33
Q

Disorders of the Lysosomal Membrane

A

1) Danon disease
2) Cystinosis

34
Q

Danon Disease

A

-Protein Deficiency: LAMP2
-Accumulating Product: Presence of autophagic vacuoles

35
Q

Cystinosis

A

-Protein Deficiency: Cytinosin (cystine transporter)
-Accumulating Product: Cystine

36
Q

Centrioles

A

Visible in the light microscope, are paired, short, rod-like cytoplasmic cylinders built from 9 micro-tubule triplets. Centrioles have orthogonal orientation.
-Important Function: provide basal bodies, which are necessary for the assembly of cilia and flagella

37
Q

Microtubule-Organizing Centers (MTOC)

A

Region where most micro-tubules are formed and from which they are then directed to specific destinations within the cell. The MTOC controls the number, polarity, direction, orientation, and organization of microtubules formed during the inter-phase of the cell cycle.

38
Q

Kartagener’s syndrome

A

Causes dysfunction of microtubules, which affects sperm motility and leads to male sterility. It may also cause infertility in women because of impaired ciliary transport of the ovum through the oviduct.

39
Q

Colchicine

A

Bind to tubulin molecules and prevent their polymerization; useful in the treatment of acute attacks of gout, to prevent neutrophil migration, and to lower their ability to respond to urate crystal deposits in the tissues.

40
Q

Vinblastine and vincristine (Oncovin)

A

Another family of drugs that bind to microtubules and inhibit the formation of the mitotic spindle essential for cell division. Used as anti-mitotic and anti-proliferative agents in cancer therapy.

41
Q

Trichome Staining purpose

A

Differentiates between nucleus, cytoplasm, and connective tissue fibers

42
Q

Silver stain

A

Used to stain reticular fibers and nerve tissue

43
Q

Elastic stains

A

Orcein, Verhoeff’s

44
Q

What are inclusions?

A

They are cytoplasmic or nuclear structures with characteristic staining properties that are formed from metabolic products of cell

Term 1 MD (54 decks)

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