Psychology Vocabulary Flashcards
A formal act or observance that may or may not have symbolic content.
Ceremony
From the Latin “to know;” the study of the origins and consequences of thoughts, memories, beliefs, perceptions, explanations, and other mental processes.
Cognitive Psychology
Related to specific situations in life that may create crises and produce human pain and suffering. This type of counseling adds another dimension to the giving of information in that it deals with significant feelings that are produced by life crises.
Situational Counseling
Grief extending over a long period of time without resolution.
Complicated Grief(Unresolved Grief, Chronic Grief)
Fear or anxiety caused by the sudden realization of danger created by the impact of the shock.
Alarm
The process of correctly pronouncing all the necessary parts of a word.
Articulation
Occurs when persons experience symptoms and behaviors which cause them difficulty but they do not see or recognize the fact that these are related to the loss.
Masked Grief (Worden)
A state of moral development in which the individual considers universal moral principals which supersede the authority of the group.
Post-Conventional Stage (Kohlberg)
A medical doctor with a specialty in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
Psychiatrist
A brief review of points covered in a portion of the counseling session.
Summary
A process occurring with losses aimed at loosening the attachment to that which has been lost for appropriate reinvestment.
Griefwork (Lindemann)
Attribution of one’s unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to someone else.
Projection
The state of being prevented from attaining a purpose; thwarted; the blocking of the satisfaction of a perceived need by some kind of obstacle.
Frustration
Providing a choice of services and merchandise available as families make a selection and complete funeral arrangements, formulating different actions in adjusting to a crisis.
Alternatives
To hold certain information i trust and not disclose without proper authorization or authority.
Confidentiality
A pleasant term substituted for a more direct, less pleasant term.
Euphemism
Incorrect assumptions that lead us to believe that we have heard the message before or that the message is too simple or too complex to understand.
Faulty Assumption
The reaction of the body to an event often experienced emotionally as a sudden, violent and upsetting disturbance.
Shock
A death has occurred and the funeral director is counseling with the family as they select the services and items of merchandise in completing arrangements for the funeral service of their choice.
At-Need Counseling
A declaration or public statement of professional standards of right and wrong conduct.
Code of Ethics
The assumption of blame directed toward one’s self by others.
Shame
Thoughts of ending one’s life/
Suicidal Ideation
A prediction or expectation of an event that makes the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Treating members of various social groups differently in circumstances where their rights or treatment should be identical.
Discrimination
Communication in which the two parties involved consider one another as individuals.
Interpersonal Communication
According to Simos, a compelling need by which the individual attempts to restore inner psychological equilibrium, uniting past, present and future in the cycle from loss and the fear of loss to this.
Restitution
Excessive in duration and never comes to a satisfactory conclusion.
Chronic Grief
The believability of a speaker or other source of information.
Credibility
Any act that is charged with symbolic content.
Ritual
Centering a client’s thinking and feelings on the situation causing a problem and assisting the person in choosing the behavior or adjustment to solve the problem.
Focusing
Blame directed toward another person.
Anger
Feelings such as happiness, anger or grief, created by brain patterns accompanied by bodily changes.
Emotions
Support or support system provided to the counselee who is seeking an alternative adjustment to problems.
Guidance
An act or practice of allowing the death of persons suffering from a life-limiting condition.
Euthanasia (Right to Die)
A speech that is read word-for-word from a prepared text.
Manuscript Speech
Helping people facilitate uncomplicated grief to a healthy completion of the tasks of grieving within a reasonable time frame.
Grief Counseling
A therapeutic experience for reasonably healthy persons. Do not confuse this with psychotherapy which is a treatment for emotionally disturbed persons, who seek, or are referred for assistance with pathological problems. A counselor’s clients are encouraged to see assistance before they develop serious neurotic, psychotic, or characterological disorders.
Counseling (Ohlsen)
According to client-centered counseling, the necessary quality of a counselor being in touch with reality and with other’s perception of one-self.
Congruence
A stage of moral development in which moral reasoning is based on reward and punishment from those in authority.
Pre-Conventional Stage (Kohlberg)
A speech that is learned and delivered by rote without a written text.
Memorized Speech
A state of tension, typically characterized by rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath and other similar ramifications of arousal of the autonomic nervous system; an emotion characterized by a vague fear or premonition that something undesirable is going to happen.
Anxiety
Agreement between group members about a decision.
Consensus
Excessive written or verbal information.
Message Overload
Negative attitude towards others based on their gender, religion, race or membership in a particular group.
Prejudice
That counseling which occurs before a death.
Pre-Need Counseling
Expressing a thought or idea in an alternate and sometimes shortened form.
Paraphrasing
The study of human behavior and mental processes in humans and/or animals.
Psychology
A force that interferes with the process of communication.
Noise
Listening in which the goal is to help the speaker solve a problem.
Empathetic Listening
An emotion or set of emotions due to a loss.
Grief
According to Carl Rogers, accepting the client or counselee as he or she is, and for what he or she is without imposing judgments or stipulations.
Positive Regard
The study of death.
Thanatology
A statement or action designed or perceived to create anxiety in an individual’s life.
Threat
Those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that come after the funeral.
Post-Funeral Counseling (Aftercare)
Listening in which the goal is to judge the quality or accuracy of speaker’s remarks.
Evaluative Listening
A deliberate act of self-destruction.
Suicide
The region of the mind that is beyond awareness especially impulses and desires not directly known to a person.
Unconscious
Complete sentence describing the central idea of a speech, usually found in the first paragraph.
Thematic (Thesis Statement)
A statement or action which creates anxiety in an individual’s life.
Threat
Giving the appearance of listening.
Pseudolistening
The experience of the emotion of grief.
Bereavement
The speed at which a speaker utters words.
Rate
The relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds of himself or herself.
Self-Concept
Anytime someone helps someone else with a problem.
Counseling (Jackson)
An adjustment process which involves grief or sorrow over a period of time and helps in the reorganization of the life an an individual following a loss or death of someone loved.
Mourning
Counselor takes a live speaking role, asking questions, suggesting courses of action, etc.
Directive Counseling
The emotional associations of a term.
Connotation
The state of estrangement an individual feels in social settings that are viewed as foreign, unpredictable or unacceptable.
Alienation
The right of finality in a funeral service preceding cremation, earth burial, entombment or burial at sea.
Committal Service
Rules that govern society.
Law
Those appropriate and helpful acts of counseling that comes after the funeral.
Aftercare (Post-Funeral Counseling)
The ability to communicate the belief that everyone possesses the capacity and right to choose alternatives and make decisions.
Respect (Wolfelt)
Life events and minor hassles that exert pressure or strain.
Stress
Detailed examples of adjustments, choices or alternatives available to the client or counselee, from which a course of action may be selected.
Illustrating
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS
The medium through which a message passes from sender to receiver.
Channel
A learned tendency to respond to people, objects, or institutions in a positive or negative way.
Attitude
Not listening because he/she is only interested in what he/she has to say.
Stage Hogging
An unconscious, irrational means used by the ego to defend against anxiety.
Ego Defense Mechanisms
A strong emotion characterized by sudden and extreme fear.
Panic
Blame directed toward one’s self based on real or unreal conditions.
Guilt
An organized, flexible, purposeful, group centered, time-limited response to death which reflects reverence, dignity and respect.
Funeral Rite
The study of how people and animals use space.
Proxemics
A relation of harmony, conformity, accord or affinity established in any human interaction.
Rapport
A deliberate attempt to change attitudes of belief with information and arguments.
Persuasion
Advice, especially that given as a result of consultation. Helping someone else with a problem.
Counseling (Webster)
A speech planned in advance but presented in a direct, conversational manner.
Extemporaneous Speech
That branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.
Ethics (Webster)
The sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant, which remains unexplained after a complete autopsy and a review of the circumstances around the death.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS, Crib Death)
Taking innocent comments as personal attacks.
Defensive Listening
The feels and their expression.
Affect
A set of symptoms associated with loss.
Grief Syndrome (Lindemann)
A speaker’s words and actions.
Message
Characteristic ways of responding to stress.
Coping
The experience of grief, especially in young bereaved parents, where mourning customs are unclear due to an inappropriate death and the absence of prior bereavement experience; typical in a society that has attempted to minimize the impact of death through medical control of disease and social control of those who deal with the dying and the dead.
Anomic Grief
An unsuccessful attempt made by the person to end his or her own life.
Suicidal Gesture
An unconscious, irrational means used by the ego to defend against anxiety.
Defense Mechanisms
A document which governs the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment from an individual in the event of an incurable or irreversible condition that will cause death within a relatively short time, and which such person is no longer able to make decisions regarding his/her medical treatment.
Living Will
Choice of actions provided through counseling as a means of solving the counselee’s problem.
Option
A phenomenon that occurs when an individual’s performance improves because of the presence of others.
Social Facilitation
The quality in one’s voice.
Tone
Historically, an inn for travelers, especially one kept by a religious order; also used to indicate a concept designed to treat patients with life-limiting conditions.
Hospice
Communicating with oneself.
Intrapersonal Communication
A defense mechanism used in grief to return to a more familiar and often more primitive modes of coping.
Regression
Decodes the message.
Receiver
The character of an individual viewed as a member of society; behavior in terms of the duties, obligations and functions of a citizen.
Citizenship
The intense physical and emotional expression of grief occurring as the awareness increases of a loss of someone or something significant.
Acute Grief
One person speaking with limited verbal feedback.
Public Communication
Spoken, oral communication.
Verbal Communication
A belief in a god or gods.
Theistic (Theism)
The individual’s ability to adjust to the psychological and emotional changes brought on by a stressful event such as the death of a significant other.
Adaptation
The objective, emotion-free meaning of a term.
Denotation
The process of deliberately revealing information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others.
Self-Disclosure
That branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct as it applies to business transactions.
Business Ethics
The set of values, ideas and opinions of an individual or group.
Philosophy
The study of human behavior as related to funeral service.
Funeral Service Psychology
A defense mechanism in which anger is redirected toward a person or object other than the one who caused the anger originally.
Displaced Aggression
To assist understanding of the circumstances or situations the individual is experiencing, and to assist that person in the selection of an alternative adjustment if necessary.
Facilitate
Taking a speaker’s remarks at face value.
Insensitive Listening
A general term for the exchange of information, feelings, thoughts and acts between two or more people, including both verbal and non-verbal aspects of this interchange.
Communication
Physical location and personal history surrounding the communication.
Environment
Words that gain their meaning through comparison.
Relative Terms
Deals with the meanings of words.
Semantics
A rule of ethical conduct found in some form in most religions usually phrased, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.”
Golden Rule
Supplying a logical, rational, socially acceptable reason rather than the real reason for an action.
Rationalization
Fidelity to moral principals.
Integrity
Synonymous with ethical. Refers to the customs, values, and standards of practice of a group, age, or theory intended to be timeless.
Moral
The individual seeking assistance or guidance.
Counselee
The study of body movement, gestures, and posture.
Kinesics
The defense mechanism by which a person is unable or refuses to see things as they are because such facts are threatening to the self.
Denial
That which is expressed by posture, facial expression, actions, physical behavior; that which is communicated by any means except verbal.
Non-Verbal Communication
Making judgments about ourselves through comparison with others.
Social Comparison
The outward expression or display of mood or feeling states.
Emotion (Emotional Expression)
Beliefs that are held in high esteem.
Values
Specialized techniques which are used to help people with complicated grief reactions.
Grief Therapy (Worden)
The process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior satisfying physiological or psychological needs.
Motivation
A relatively stable system of determining tendencies within an individual.
Personality
Persons are usually conscious of the relationship of the reaction to the death, but the reaction to the current experience is excessive and disabling.
Exaggerated Grief (Worden)
Consists of abstract patterns (the rules, ideas, beliefs shared by members of society) of and for living and dying, which are learned directly or indirectly.
Culture
A stage of moral development in which the individual is characterized as not understanding the rules or feeling a sense of obligation to them. Looking to experience only that which is good or pleasant or the avoid that which is painful.
Pre-Moral Stage (Kohlberg)
A dis-confirming response with more than one meaning, leaving the other party unsure of the respondent’s position.
Ambiguous Response
The ability to present one’s self sincerely.
Genuineness (Wolfelt)
A highly emotional temporary state in which an individual’s feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion or pain impair his or her ability to act.
Crisis
Encodes and delivers the message.
Sender
It is the tendency in human beings to make strong affectional bonds with others coming from the need for security and safety.
Attachment Theory (Bowlby)
Guilt felt by the survivors.
Survivor Guilt
Any event, person or object that lessens the degree of pain in grief.
Mitigation
Two units regarded as a pair; for example, husband and wife.
Dyad
Sincere feelings for the person who is trying to adjust to a serious loss.
Sympathy
A stage of moral development in which the expectations of the social group (family, community, and nation) are supported and maintained.
Conventional Stage (Kohlberg)
A philosophy that does not focus on the worship of a god or gods.
Non-Theistic
Inhibited, suppressed or postponed response to a loss.
Delayed Grief Reaction (Worden)
To be clear and brief.
Concise
The ability to enter into and share the feelings of others.
Empathy (Wolfelt)
Redirection of emotion to other targets.
Displacement
The degree or regard a person holds for oneself.
Self-Esteem
The intentional infliction of physical or psychological harm on another.
Aggression
The emotional tone of a relationship as it is expressed in the messages that the partners send and receive.
Climate
A learned emotional response to death-related phenomenon which is characterized by extreme apprehension.
Death Anxiety
The art or science of establishing and promoting a favorable relationship with the public.
Public Relations
A culturally entrenched pattern of behavior made up of: (1) Sacred beliefs, (2) emotional feelings accompanying the beliefs, and (3) overt conduct presumably implementing the beliefs and feelings.
Religion
Good communication within and between men; or good (free) communication within or between men is always therapeutic.
Counseling (Rogers)
The individual providing assistance and guidance.
Counselor
Listening to understand another person or idea.
Informational Listening
The ability to be considerate and friendly as demonstrated by both verbal and non-verbal behaviors.
Warmth and Caring (Wolfelt)
The arrangement of words in a sentence.
Syntax
Strong emotion marked by such reactions as alarm, dread and disquieting.
Fear
The cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin.
Ethnicity
Preoccupied and intense thoughts about the deceased.
Searching
An irrational, exaggerated fear of death.
Thanatophobia
The speech memorized or delivered word for word from a manuscript.
Formal
Giving undivided attention by means of verbal and non-verbal behavior.
Attending (Listening)
A phrase coined by Carl Rogers to refer to that type of counseling where one comes actively and voluntarily to gain help on a problem, but without any notion of surrendering his own responsibility for the situation; a non-directive method of counseling which stresses the inherent worth of the client and the natural capacity for growth and health.
Client-Centered Counseling (Non-Directive, Rogerian, Person-Centered)
Moral principles that vary with circumstances.
Situational Ethics
Intervention with people whose needs are so specific that usually they can only be met by specially trained physicians or psychologists. The practitioners in this field need special training because they often work with deeper levels of consciousness.
Psychotherapy (Jackson)
An adaptive maneuver characterized by an inability or unwillingness to act with the aim of asserting or sustaining individual control, autonomy or self-esteem.
Resistance
The highness or lowness of one’s voice.
Pitch
A conscious postponement of addressing anxieties and concerns.
Suppression
Adjustment, motivational in nature, to be achieved.
Goals
Words that have more than one dictionary meaning.
Equivocal Terms
Social attraction to another person.
Interpersonal Attraction
The loudness of one’s voice.
Volume
The discernible response of the receiver.
Feedback
Redirection of emotion to culturally or socially useful purposes.
Sublimation
Interventions for a highly emotional, temporary state in which individuals, overcome by feelings of anxiety, grief, confusion or pain are unable to act in a realistic, normal manner. Intentional responses which help individuals in a crisis situation.
Crisis Counseling
Blocking of threatening material from consciousness.
Repression
Having a sense of honor, upright and fair dealing.
Honesty
A speech given “off the top of one’s head” without preparation.
Impromptu Speech
An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce rewards, and interference from the other party in achieving their goals.
Conflict
Any event capable of producing physical or emotional stress.
Stressor
The killing of one human being by another.
Homicide
Counseling in which a counselor shares a body of special information with a counselee.
Informational Counseling
Something, as a reason or desire, action as a spur to action.
Motives
Syndrome characterized by the presence of grief in anticipation of death of loss; the actual death comes as a confirmation of knowledge of a life-limiting condition.
Anticipatory Grief
