Chapter 14 Discovering Psychology Notes Flashcards
Troubling thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that cause psychological discomfort or interfere with a person’s ability to function.
Psychological disorder
Drugs that are used to treat psychological or mental disorders.
Psychotropic medications
Developed psychoanalysis in the early 1900s.
- Early childhood experiences provided the foundation for later personality development. (become repressed)
- Long-standing psychological conflicts are recognized and re-experienced.
- Free association
- Resistance
- Dream interpretation
- Interpretation
- Transference
Sigmund Freud
Pushed out of conscious awareness.
Repressed
- Therapeutic contact lasts for no more than a few months
- The patient’s problems are quickly assessed at the beginning of therapy
- The therapist and patient agree on specific, concrete, and attainable goals.
- Therapists are more direct than psychoanalysts.
- Engage the patient in an active dialogue.
Short-term dynamic therapies
Focuses on current relationships and social interactions.
First phase: The therapist identifies the interpersonal problem that is causing difficulties.
- unresolved grief
- Role disputes
- Role transitions
- Interpersonal deficits
- Used to treat eating disorders and substance use disorders as well as major depressive disorder.
Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
Problems dealing with the death of significant others.
Unresolved grief
Repetitive conflicts with significant others, such as the person’s partner, family members, friends, or co-workers.
Role disputes
Problems involving major life changes, such as going away to college, becoming a parent, getting married or divorced, or retiring.
Role transitions
Absent or faulty social skills that limit the ability to start or maintain healthy relationships with others.
Interpersonal deficits
Emphasizes human potential, self-awareness, and freedom of choice.
Humanistic perspective in psychology
Contend that the most important factor in personality is the individual’s conscious, subjective perception of his or her self.
- People are innately good and motivated by the need to grow psychologically.
Humanistic psychologists
- Deliberately used the word client rather than patient.
- Patient implied that people are sick and were seeking treatment from an all-knowing authority figure who could heal or cure them.
- Client-centered therapy founder- Believed that three qualities of the therapist were necessary:
- Genuineness
- Unconditional positive regard
- Empathic understanding
- Believed that people develop psychological problems largely because they an consistently experienced only conditional acceptance.
Carl Rogers
Means that the therapist honestly and openly shares her thoughts and feelings with the client.
Genuineness
The therapist must value, accept, and care for the client, whatever her problems or behavior.
- Fosters the person’s natural tendency to move toward self-fulfilling decisions without fear of evaluation or rejection.
Unconditional positive regard
Reflect the content and personal meaning of the feelings being experienced by the client.
- Creates a psychological mirror, reflecting the client’s thoughts and feelings as they exist in the client’s private inner world.
- Requires the therapist to listen actively for the personal meaning beneath the surface of what the client is saying.
Empathic understanding
Rogers believed that when the therapeutic atmosphere contains genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding, change is more likely to occur. The client is moving in the direction towards this.
Self-actualization
Designed to help clients overcome the mixed feelings or reluctance they might have about committing to change.
- More frequently applied to addictions, techniques to improve health
- More directive than traditional client-centered therapy
- When the client expresses reluctance, the therapist acknowledges the mixed feelings and redirects the emphasis toward change.
Motivational interviewing
- Founder: Sigmund Freud
- Source of problems: Repressed, unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences- Treatment techniques: free association, analysis of dream content, interpretation, and transference.
- Goals of therapy: To recognize, work through, and resolve long-standing conflicts.
Psychoanalysis
- Founder: Carl Rogers
- Source of problems: Conditional acceptance that causes the person to develop a distorted self-concept and worldview.
- Treatment techniques: Nondirective therapists who displays unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding.
- Goals of therapy: To develop self-awareness, self- acceptance, and self-determination
Client-centered therapy
- Founder: Based on classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
- Source of problems: Learned maladaptive behavior patterns
- Treatment techniques: Systemic desensitization, virtual reality, aversive conditioning, reinforcement and extinction, token economy, contingency management interventions, observational learning
- Goals of therapy: To unlearn maladaptive behaviors and replace them with adaptive, appropriate behaviors.
Behavior therapy
One of John Watson’s students (little albert experiment) who wanted to explore ways to reverse conditioned fears.
- Counterconditioning
- Widely regarded as one of the first behavioral psychologists.
- Laid the groundwork for:
- Exposure therapy
- Systematic desensitization
Mary Cover Jones
- The patient learns progressive relaxation
- The therapist helps the patient construct an anxiety hierarchy (exposure hierarchy). The patient also develops an image of a relaxing control sense.
- Involves the actual process of desensitization through exposure to feared experiences.
- Works their way up the hierarchy
- In vivo systematic desensitization
Systemic desensitization
Involves successfully relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved.
Progressive relaxation
