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Mors 200 Arts Final > Chapter 9 Discovering Psychology Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Discovering Psychology Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

The branch of psychology that studies how people change over the lifespan.

A

Developmental Psychology

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2
Q

Research strategy in which a variable or group of variables are studied in the same group of participants over time.

A

Longitudinal Design

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3
Q

Research strategy in which individuals of different ages or developmental stages are directly compared.

A

Cross-Sectional Design

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4
Q

The single cell formed at conception from the union of the egg cell and the sperm cell.

A

Zygote

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5
Q

A long, thread-like structure composed of twisted parallel stands of DNA; found in the cell nucleus.

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

The double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; the chemical basis of heredity.

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

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7
Q

A unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; the basic unit of heredity.

A

Gene

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8
Q

The genetic makeup of an individual organism.

A

Genotype

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9
Q

Chromosomes designated as X or Y, that determine biological sex; the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans.

A

Sex Chromosomes

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10
Q

The observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetics and environmental factors.

A

Phenotype

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11
Q

The study of the cellular mechanisms that control gene expression and of the ways that gene expression impacts health and behavior.

A

Epigenetics

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12
Q

The stage of development before birth; divided into the germinal, embryonic, and fetal periods.

A

Prenatal Stage

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13
Q

The first two weeks of prenatal development.

A

Germinal Period

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14
Q

The second period of prenatal development, extending from the third week through the eighth week.

A

Embryonic Period

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15
Q

Harmful agents or substances that can cause malformations or defects in the embryo or fetus.

A

Teratogens

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16
Q

Undifferentiated cells that can divide and give rise to cells that can develop into any one of the body’s different cell types.

A

Stem cells

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17
Q

The third and longest period of prenatal development, extending from the ninth week until birth.

A

Fetal Period

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18
Q

Inborn predispositions to consistently behave and react in a certain way.

A

Temperament

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19
Q

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and caregiver(s), especially his or her parents.

A

Attachment

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20
Q

The words that are understood by an infant or child.

A

Comprehension Vocabulary

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21
Q

The words that an infant or child understands and can speak.

A

Production Vocabulary

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22
Q

The cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity.

A

Gender

23
Q

The behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture.

A

Gender Roles

24
Q

A person’s psychological sense of being male or female.

A

Gender Identity

25
Q

The theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling.

A

Social Learning Theory of Gender-Role Development

26
Q

The theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of schemas, or mental representations of masculinity and femininity.

A

Gender Schema Theory

27
Q

Condition in which a person’s psychological gender identity conflicts with his or her biological sex.

A

Transgender

28
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects.

A

Sensorimotor Stage

29
Q

The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.

A

Object Permanence

30
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the second stage fo cognitive development, which lasts from about age 2 to age 7; characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes.

A

Preoperational Stage

31
Q

The ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world.

A

Symbolic Thought

32
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the inability to take another person’s perspective or point of view.

A

Egocentrism

33
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations.

A

Irreversibility

34
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other important aspects of the situation.

A

Centration

35
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance of rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted.

A

Conservation

36
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the third stage of cognitive development, which lasts from about age 7 to adolescense; characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations.

A

Concrete Operational Stage

37
Q

In Piaget’s theory, the fourth stage pf cognitive development, which lasts from adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principals and hypothetical situations.

A

Formal Operational Stage

38
Q

In Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development, the difference between what children can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the help of others who are more competent.

A

Zone of Proximal Development

39
Q

The model that views cognitive development as a process that is continuous over the lifespan and that studies the development of basic mental processes such as attention, memory, and problem solving.

A

Information-Processing Model of Cognitive Development

40
Q

The transitional stage between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached.

A

Adolescence

41
Q

The stage of adolescence in which an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes psysiologically capable of sexual reproduction.

A

Puberty

42
Q

Sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles.

A

Primary Sex Characteristics

43
Q

Sexual characteristics that develop during puberty and are not directly involved in reproduction but differentiate between the sexes, such as male facial hair and female breast development.

A

Secondary Sex Characteristics

44
Q

That period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight.

A

Adolescent Growth Spurt

45
Q

A female’s first menstrual period, which occurs during puberty.

A

Menarche

46
Q

A person’s sense of self, including his or her memories, experiences, and the values and beliefs that guide his or her behavior.

A

Identity

47
Q

The aspect of cognitive development that has to do with how an individual reasons about moral decisions.

A

Moral Reasoning

48
Q

In industrialized countries, the stage of lifespan from approximately the late teens to the mid-to-late-20’s, which is characterized by exploration, instability, and flexibility in social roles, vocational choices, and relationships.

A

Emerging Adulthood

49
Q

The natural cessation of menstruation and the end of reproductive capacity in women.

A

Menopause

50
Q

The psychosocial theory that life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when people maintain the level of activity they displayed earlier in life.

A

Activity Theory of Aging

51
Q

Parenting style in which parents are demanding and unresponsive toward their children’s needs or wishes.

A

Authoritarian Parenting Style

52
Q

Parenting style in which parents are extremely tolerant and not demanding; permissive-indulgent parents are responsive to their children, while permissive-indifferent parents are unresponsive.

A

Permissive Parenting Style

53
Q

Parenting style in which parents can set clear standards for their children’s behavior but are also responsive to their children’s needs and wishes.

A

Authoritative Parenting Style

54
Q

A discipline technique that combines parental control with explaining why a behavior is prohibited.

A

Induction

Mors 200 Arts Final (123 decks)

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