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Mors 200 Arts Final > Chapters 11-12 Discovering Psychology Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapters 11-12 Discovering Psychology Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

A negative emotional state occurring in response to events that are perceived as taxing or exceeding a person’s resources or ability to cope.

A

Stress

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2
Q

Developed by Richard Lazarus, a model of stress that emphasizes the role of an individual’s evaluation (appraisal) of events and situations and of the resources that h or she has available to deal with the event or situation.

A

Cognitive appraisal model of stress

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3
Q

If we perceive our resources as adequate to deal with a situation, we will experience:

A

little or no stress

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4
Q

If we perceive our resources as being inadequate to deal with a situation we see as threatening, challenging, or even harmful, we will experience:

A

The effects of stress

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5
Q

Whether we experience stress depends largely on: (2)

A
  1. Cognitive appraisal (evaluation) of an event2. The resources we have to deal with the event.
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6
Q

Many people begin to experience feelings or relaxation and calmness when they focus their attention on the things in their life for which they are thankful.- Make a list of of people, circumstances, or items for which you are thankful

A

Gratitude list

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7
Q

Actively expressing this is linked to better physical health, better relationships, and lower levels of stress and depression.

A

Gratitude

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8
Q

The branch of psychology that studies how biological, behavioral, and social factors influence health, illness, medical treatment, and health-related behaviors.

A

Health psychology

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9
Q

The belief that physical health and illness are determined by the complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.

A

Biophychosocial model

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10
Q

Events or situations that are perceived as harmful, threatening, or challenging.

A

Stressors

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11
Q

Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people.

A

Daily hassles

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12
Q

An unhealthy condition caused by chronic, prolonged work stress that is characterized by exhaustion, cynicism, ad a sense of failure or inadequacy.

A

Burnout

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13
Q

The stress that results from the pressure of adapting to a new culture.

A

Acculturative stress

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14
Q

A rapidly occurring chain of internal physical reactions that prepare people to either fight or take flight from an immediate threat.

A

Fight-or-flight response

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15
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that cause rapid physiological arousal, including adrenaline and noradrenaline.

A

Catecholamines

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16
Q

Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that play a key role in the body’s response to long-term stressors.

A

Corticosteroids

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17
Q

Hans Selye’s term for the three-stage progression of physical changes that occur when an organism is exposed to intense and prolonged stress. The three stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

A

General adaptation syndrome

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18
Q

Repeated, duplicate DNA sequences that are found at the very tips of chromosomes’ genetic data during cell division.

A

Telomeres

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19
Q

Body system that produces specialized white blood cells that protect the body from viruses, bacteria and tumor cells.

A

Immune system

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20
Q

Specialized white blood cells that are responsible for immune defenses.

A

Lymphocytes

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21
Q

An interdisciplinary field that studies the interconnections among psychological processes, nervous and endocrine system functions, and the immune system.

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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22
Q

Accounting for negative events or situations with external, unstable, and specific explanations.

A

Optimistic explanatory style

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23
Q

Accounting for negative events or situations with internal, stable, and global explanations.

A

Pessimistic explanatory style

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24
Q

A behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness.

A

Type A behavior pattern

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25
Q

The resources provided by other people in times of need.

A

Social support

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26
Q

Behavioral and cognitive responses used to deal with stressors, involves our efforts to change circumstances, or our interpretation of circumstances, to make them more favorable and less threatening.

A

Coping

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27
Q

Coping efforts primarily aimed at directly changing or managing a threatening or harmful stressor.

A

Problem-focused coping

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28
Q

Coping efforts primarily aimed at relieving or regulating the emotional impact of a stressful situation.

A

Emotion-focused coping

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29
Q

A technique in which practitioners focus awareness on present experience with acceptance.

A

Mindfulness meditation

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30
Q

Branch of psychology that studies how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment.

A

Social psychology

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31
Q

An individual’s unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences; your sense of who you are in relation to other people.

A

Sense of Self

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32
Q

The mental process people use to make sense of their social environments.

A

Social cognition

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33
Q

The effect of situational factors and other people on an individual’s behavior.

A

Social influence

34
Q

The mental processes we use to form judgements and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people.

A

Person perception

35
Q

The “rules” or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation.

A

Social norms

36
Q

The mental process of categorizing people into groups (or social categories) on the basis of their shared characteristics.

A

Social categorization

37
Q

Deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgements, decisions, and reasoning.

A

Explicit cognition

38
Q

Automatic, nonconscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgements, decisions, and reasoning.

A

Implicit cognition

39
Q

A network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors.

A

Implicit personality theory

40
Q

The mental process of inferring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior.

A

Attribution

41
Q

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors; an attributional bias that is common in individualistic cultures.

A

Fundamental attribution error

42
Q

The tendency to attribute our own behavior to external, situational characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of internal, personal factors.

A

Actor-observer bias

43
Q

The tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it.

A

Blaming the victim

44
Q

The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event.

A

Hindsight bias

45
Q

The assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

A

Just-world hypothesis

46
Q

The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes.

A

Self-serving bias

47
Q

A learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative, or ambivalent.

A

Attitude

48
Q

An unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal (dissonance) that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions (cognitions) are inconsistent; typically results from the awareness that attitudes and behavior are in conflict.

A

Cognitive dissonance

49
Q

A negative attitude toward people who belong to a specific social group.

A

Prejudice

50
Q

A cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the objective criteria that define the group.

A

Stereotype

51
Q

A social group to which one belongs.

A

In-group

52
Q

A social group to which one does not belong.

A

Out-group

53
Q

The tendency to see members of out-groups as very similar to one another.

A

Out-group homogeneity effect

54
Q

The tendency to judge the behavior of in-group members favorably and out-group members unfavorably.

A

In-group bias

55
Q

Preferences and biases toward particular groups that are automatic, spontaneous, unintentional, and often unconscious; measured with the implicit associations test.

A

Implicit attitudes

56
Q

Adjusting your opinions, judgements, or behaviors so that they match the opinions, judgements, or behaviors of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation.

A

Conformity

57
Q

Behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval.

A

Normative social influence

58
Q

The performance of a behavior in response to a direct command.

A

Obedience

59
Q

Helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit.

A

Altruism

60
Q

Any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless.

A

Prosocial behavior

61
Q

A phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress.

A

Bystander effect

62
Q

A phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because the obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers.

A

Diffusion of responsibility

63
Q

Verbal or physical behavior intended to cause harm to other people.

A

Aggression

64
Q

The deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behavior of another person in a situation in which that person has some freedom of choice.

A

Persuasion

65
Q

The reactions of the body to an event often experienced emotionally as a sudden, violent and upsetting disturbance.

A

Feelings

66
Q

Blame directed at oneself, may be based on real or unreal conditions.

A

Guilt

67
Q

A state of tension typically characterized by rapid heartbeat and shortness of breath. An emotion characterized by a vague fear or premonition that something undesirable is going to happen.

A

Anxiety

68
Q

The killing of one human being by another.

A

Homicide

69
Q

The deliberate act of killing oneself.

A

Suicide

70
Q

The assumption of blame directed at oneself by others.

A

Shame

71
Q

Strong emotion marked by such reactions as alarm, dread, and disquiet.

A

Fear

72
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (crib death).The sudden unexpected death of a seemingly healthy infant between four months and one year of age for which no other cause of death has been found after thorough examination of the death scene, review of medical history, and a complete autopsy. Suffocation, disease, neglect, or abuse does not cause this.

A

SIDS

73
Q

An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries, property damage, and cannot be managed though the routine procedures and resources of the government.

A

Disasters

74
Q

When the condition of the bodies reflects the violence of the disaster.

A

Horror factor

75
Q

Exposure of victims to life-threatening situations. Directly witness or directly experience life-threatening situations.

A

Terror

76
Q

An act or practice of allowing the death of a person suffering from a life-limiting condition.

A

Euthanasia

77
Q

Involves a competent, terminally ill person who makes a fully voluntary and persistent request for aid in dying.- emphasize that such an act is one of kindness.

A

Voluntary active euthanasia

78
Q

An intervention intended to kill a person who is incapable of making a request to die: an infant or a young child, a mentally incompetent patient or someone, who because of impaired consciousness, is unable to give voice to their opinion.

A

Involuntary active euthanasia

79
Q

The forgoing or withdraw of medical treatment that offers no hope or benefit to the total well-being of the patient with the intent of causing death.

A

Passive euthanasia

80
Q

When a physician provides medications or other means for a patient to use on himself or end life. The physician does not control the act, the patient does.

A

Physician-assisted suicide

81
Q

An abnormal grief response that is more intense than normal grief, yet different than clinical depression.

A

Complicated grief

Mors 200 Arts Final (123 decks)

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