psychological influences on team Flashcards
social facilitation, group dynamics, importance of goal setting
what is social facilitation
the positive effect of the presence of others on performance
what is social inhibition
the negative effect of the presence of others on performance
who made the model about social facilitation and inhibition
zajonc
what are the 4 components of zajoncs model
audience
co-actor
competitors
social reinforcers
zajonc: who are the audience and what effect do they have
they are the people who are watching and they presence causes pressure
explain the possible impact of the audience on a performer in the cognitive stage of learning (4)
presence of audience increases arousal
leads to increased likelihood of dom resp occuring
this will be incorrect
this is social inhibition
evaluation apprehension where the performances decreases due to the perception of being judged
zajonc: who are co-actors
those who are doing the same thing at the same time but might not be in competition
example of coactors
a jogger running on the opposite side of the road whilst you are jogging
a cyclist riding behind you when you are cycling
who are competitors
aka competitive co-actors since they are the same but now in competition
examples of competitiors
runner in 100m race
who are social reinforcers
people who have a direct influence on the performance and their presence is a part of the event
eg of social reinforcers
coach
zajoncs model can be passive meaning….
the audience or co-actors
the people do not exert a direct influence on the event but their mere presence causes an increase in AROUSAL and DRIVE- players are aware they are being watched
zajoncs model can be interactive meaning…
social reinforceres and competitors
more actively involved in the event and can give encouragement, advice or cause distractions
what does zajoncs model depend on
experience
complexity of task
presence of co actors
how does the complexity of the task affect zajoncs model
more decisions required=harder to be completed under pressure therefore a beginner will feel arousal at being watched and will struggle to perform the skills effectively not being able to cope with the pressure of being watched (social inhibition)
an expert will be able to cope with the demands of the crowd and will be motivated and encouraged by the support: skills performance can be enhanced (social facilitation)
how can the presence of co actors help performance
if the task is simple then the presence of co actors can help ie you dont want to fail/come last/give up first
how id dominant response and SF/SI linked to a novice performer
unlikely to perform automatic responses that have been learned, may not be able to identify correct response, may produce incorrect action
crowd adds pressure and causes social inhibition
example of social inhibition for a novice
cricket batsman chooses wrong shot to a spin bowler when playing in front of a crowd
expert performer link to SF/SI
responses are well learned+familiar=perform with ease=no extra pressure on them
response is: simple without much thought/attention, correct response even when under pressure, pressure could increase performance (SF)
EG andy murray at wimbeldon
what is evaluation apprehension
a PERCEIVED FEAR of being judged (evaluated)
eg of evaluation apprehension
being watched by a scout whilst playing a game
what effect could evaluation apprehension have on performance
could increase arousal and anxiety to very high levels=decrease in performance
there is added pressure through evaluation apprehension if
the person is known to them
they are an expert
evaluation apprehension is a combination of
observation and judgement
how can evaluation apprehension have a good effect on performance
it can motivate them to play well
how can social inhibition be prevented
increase confidence
get players familiar with playing infront of a crowd
increase focus and con using sa
decrease importance of the event
use mental rehearsal
cog and som relaxation techniques
gradually introduce evaluation
how does drive theory help explain the effects of an audience on performer
if dom response is correct, more likely if expert, then facilitation will occur
if dom response if incorrect, more likely if a novice, inhibition will occur
what is goal setting
a strategy used widely in sport since it has a number of benefits for the performer
must chose right type of goal to maximise success and focus
what does goal setting do to social loafing and cohesion
increases cohesion and reduces social loafing
what are the 4 benefits of goal setting
increased motivation
increased confidence
reduced/no errors
regulating and sustaining effort/giving a focus to aim for
how is increased motivation from goal setting explained
makes performer task persistent, they get pride and satisfaction when the goal is achieved
it leads to intrinsic motivation
how is increased confidence from goal setting explained
due to improvement in technique (resulting in goal being achieved)
how is regulates and sustains effort from goal setting explained
you strive to reach a target
target is provided
a focus to aim for
what are the 3 types of goals
performance
outcome
process
what are performance goals
when an athlete sets a goal to get better rather than comparing to others
relates to personal best, can use this as a comparison for training or in competition
judging performance against previous performance/specific standard in attempt to improve personal achievement
what are process goals
they are based on improving technique/how you do it
focus on improving execution of the skill
in training or in actual event
example of a process goal
swimmers arm action, push is past hip and complete stroke
what are outcome/product goals
they are based on results or success (doesnt have to be winning)
motivation is maintained
not concerned with manner of performance
not good for novice
compared to others
example of outcome goals
getting through to play offs
winning
