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alevel pe aqa > biomechanical principals > Flashcards

biomechanical principals Flashcards

3 laws, centre of mass, factors affecting stability, d+e of scalars speed + dist

1
Q

an increase in friction increases

A

stability/balance

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2
Q

what has greater inertia, a shot or a tennisball

A

a shot

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3
Q

what is newtons first law of physics about

A

inertia

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4
Q

what is inertia

A

the resistance of a body to move or change its state of motion

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5
Q

linking to inertia, if an object is at rest what will happen

A

it will remain at rest

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6
Q

linking to inertia if an object is moving in one direction what will happen

A

it will continue to do so at the same velocity until other forces are exerted upon it

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7
Q

what is the deeper definition of inertia? every ……

A

every body continues in its state of rest or motion in a straight line, unless compelled to change that state by external forces exerted upon it

simply: a force is required to change the state of motion of that object

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8
Q

the state of motion can be what and changing it means what

A

still or moving

speeding up or slowing down

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9
Q

what is inertia measured in

A

kg

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10
Q

the bigger the mass of an object the …….. the inertia, meaning ….

A

the larger the inertia meaning it is harder to change its motion

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11
Q

what surface can have zero friction

A

ice

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12
Q

the force acting on an object (in order to overcome inertia) must be ….

A

unbalanced and larger than inertia

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13
Q

an ice hockey puck will be in a state of ……. before hit and will remain in a …. …….. before it hits the net/wall

A

state of inertia
in a constant inertia

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14
Q

analyse using newtons 1st law how a footballer will move towards the ball from a stationary position

(2)

A

they will be in a state of inertia before movement occurs

a force is needed to change their state of motion and over come inertia otherwise they will remain stationary

this force must be unbalanced and larger than inertia

the footballer will provide internal force by contracting their leg muscles (1)

using this force they can overcome inertia allowing them to move from a stationary position and kick the ball from the preferred pitch position (1)

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15
Q

what is newtons second law of physics about

A

acceleration

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16
Q

what is the equation for 2nd law

A

force= mass x acceleration

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17
Q

what is the definition for 2nd law

A

the rate of momentum of a body is proportional to the force causing it AND the change takes place in the direction in which the force acts

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18
Q

2nd law def in simple terms:
more force =
direction force=

A

more force on object= more acceleration/faster body will go

direction you put the force in = direction body goes

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19
Q

according to 2nd law what remains constant

A

the mass of the performer

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20
Q

linking to 2nd law the more mass or inertia a body has the more ……. to

A

the more force it takes to accel the object

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21
Q

analyse using 2nd law how a footballer will move towards the ball from a stationary position
(2)

A

by varying force of muscle contractions/the number of motor units recruited the footballer can cause a change in momentum for stationary to moving

therefore the greater the force they generate the greater the acceleration to the ball

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22
Q

a swimmer dives of the starting blocks as quick as possible explain how using 1st and 2nd laws

A

force is applied by the muscles
1st: law of inertia, will remain on the blocks until a force is applied, continues to move forward with constant velocity until another force is applied, water slows the swimmer

2nd: mass of swimmer is constant, greater the force exerted on the blocks the greater the accel/mom, force governs direction

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23
Q

what is newtons 3rd law def

A

To every action (force) there is an equal and opposite reaction (force)

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24
Q

what is ground reaction force

A

the equal and opposite force exerted on a performer who applies a muscular force on the ground

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25
Q

what affect does more action force have on the reaction force

A

the more force applied in the action force the larger the reaction force

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26
Q

net force is the result of ,….

A

multiple forces

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27
Q

3rd: as a sprinter pushes down and backwards on the ground, the ground…

A

pushes up and forwards on the sprinter

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28
Q

apply 3rd to a swimmer

A

swimmer pushes backwards on the water, reaction force thrusts the swimmer forwards

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29
Q

what is the centre of mass

A

the point at which the mass goes around, the point of balance of a body

30
Q

if the centre of mass comes out of the base of support what happens

A

you become unstable

31
Q

if a person is smaller how does this affect their centre of mass

A

is it lower

32
Q

can the centre of mass be outside the body

A

yes

33
Q

define and explain the concept of centre of mass in relation to forces (3)

A

com is a unique point of an object where its weight can be considered to act (1)

object of uniform shape and desity -com/centre of shape

force applied through com/concentric force means the body moves in a straight line/linear motion

force not applied through com/eccentric force means body rotates/angular motion produced

34
Q

what is a concentric force

A

a force that is applied through the COM of an object will give it linear motion (will move in a straight line or curve)

35
Q

what is an eccentric force

A

a force not applied through the COM is likely to give the object rotation or angular velocity

36
Q

a smaller person has less …. and therefore we can push their …. outside their ……

A

less inertia
push com
out bos

37
Q

what are the key tips about stability

A

height of centre of gravity
area of bos
line of gravity
mass of performer/object

38
Q

if your line of gravity is within … then you are stable but

A

bos
but if it near the edge you are less stable

39
Q

what is the line of gravity

A

goes straight down from cog/com

40
Q

what is stability

A

maintain balance/equilibrium, resistance to change position

forces altering com can influence/reduce stability

41
Q

in most cases…….. keep the performer stable by locking …… in place

A

isometric contractions

locking joints in place

42
Q

how to males and females com tend to differ

A

males tend to have higher com due to increased weight in the shoulders

females lower weight around hips

43
Q

how to improve stability

A

lower the centre of mass
more contact points/larger area of base of support

44
Q

define and explain the concept of centre of mass in relation to forces (3)

A

com is a unique point of object where its weight can be considered to act

object of uniform shape and density- com and centre of shape

force applied through com is concentric and results in body moving in a straight line/linear motion

force not applied through com is eccentric and results in rotation/angular motion

45
Q

unit for speed

A

m/s

46
Q

unit for distance`

A

m

47
Q

is speed a scaler or vector

A

scaler

48
Q

is distance a scaler or vector

A

scaler

49
Q

what is a scaler

A

when measurements are only described as magnitude/size

50
Q

what is a vector

A

forces that have both magnitude/size and direction

51
Q

definition of distance

A

length of the path a body follows when moving from one position to another

52
Q

unit of measurement for distance

A

m

53
Q

unit of measurement for speed

A

m/s

54
Q

definition of speed

A

the rate of change of distance

55
Q

is distance a vector or scaler

A

scaler

56
Q

is speed a vector or scaler

A

scaler

57
Q

formula for speed

A

distance covered over
time taken

58
Q

using newtons laws of motion, explain how a player moves towards a ball during a rally (8)

first law

A

1st- law of inertia
force is applied by muscles

maintain stationary until force is applied to overcome state of inertia

performer continues to move towards the ball with constant velocity until another force is applied

muscles act as a brake which slows the performer

59
Q

using newtons laws of motion, explain how a player moves towards a ball during a rally (8)

2nd law

A

2nd law- law of acceleration

force=mass x accel

mass of performer is constant

greater the force exerted on the ground, greater the accel/mom towards the ball

ground force reaction

force governs direction

60
Q

using newtons laws of motion, explain how a player moves towards a ball during a rally (8)

3rd law

A

3rd- law of action and reaction

equal and opposite reaction force

force applied to ground moves performer

61
Q

using newtons first and second laws explain how the swimmer dives off the starting blocks (4)

1st law

A

1st law is of inertia
force applied by muscles

performer will remain on the blocks unless a force is applied

performer continues to move forwards with constant velocity until another force is applied

water slows the swimmer

62
Q

using newtons laws of motion, explain how a player moves towards a ball during a rally (8)

2nd law

A

2nd law- law of acceleration

force is applied by muscles

mass of swimmer is constant

greater the force applied on the blocks the greater the accel/mom

force governs direction

63
Q

the final stage of an endurance race usually involves a sprint finish

using 2nd law, explain how an athlete is able to accelerate towards the finish line (3)

A

force=mass x accel

mass of performer remains constant

force provided by muscular contraction

greater the force exerted on the floor the greater the accel/mom

force governs direction

ground reaction force

64
Q

tennis player in ready position, use the picture to explain how the msks and nms assist the player in maintaining stability (8)

ao1

A

biomechanical factors affecting stability: height of com ie lower=more stable, area of base of support ie wider=more stable

msks: muscle attachment to bones and formation of joints allows movements INTO stable positions

nms: two types of muscle contraction, a stationary, stable position would require ISOMETRIC muscle contraction brought about by the RECRUITMENT of muscle fibres

65
Q

tennis player in ready position, use the picture to explain how the msks and nms assist the player in maintaining stability (8)

AO2

A

tennis player is bending over=reducing height of com, mass is positioned over bos

flexed the legs at knees and hip, adducted the leg at the hip and dorsiflexed the ankles

by contracting the muscles to move the joints, they can achieve position shown, they require sufficient force/muscle fibre RECRUITMENT to hold the body in that position, contract isometrically

66
Q

tennis player in ready position, use the picture to explain how the msks and nms assist the player in maintaining stability (8)

AO3

A

bos is area beneath a person that includes every contact point with supporting surface, greater area=more stable, area between feet so wide feet=more stable when receiving a serve

isometric contracting quads and hams to flex hip and knee=achieve lower com=inc stability, adduction of hip and plantar flexion at the ankles=inc width of a of bos=inc stability

whilst stationary using large motor units to produce force required to maintain position, AONL=all will contract and amount of F produced will be varied by SS, stationary position requires less motor units compared to when they are moving across the court to play the shot

67
Q

explain how a performer can best maintain stability (8)

AO1

A

stability is the ability to maintain balance/equilibrium

height of com
area of bos
line of cog
if performer is moving, mass affects stability

68
Q

explain how a performer can best maintain stability (8)

A02

A

height of com ie lower=more stable

a of bos ie wider=more stable

line of cog ie closer to bos=more stable

moving/mass ie greater mass=more stable

69
Q

explain how a performer can best maintain stability (8)

AO3

A

bos is …… , greater=more stable, by widening feet, or put more hands on the floor like in gym headstand, three point stance in rugby

squatting down will lower com closer to bos=more stable eg martial arts

make sure log stays within bos=more stable

70
Q
A

alevel pe aqa (32 decks)

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