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A Level Biology > Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main points of transcription?

A

DNA helicase- to split the DNA
Makes mRNA
Uses RNA polymerase to join the free RNA nucleotides

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2
Q

What does DNA helicase do?

A

Unzip the double strand of DNA

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3
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

Joins nucleotides

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4
Q

What forms between the bases?

A

Hydrogen bonds- complementary base pairing

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5
Q

What dos RNA polymerase join onto?

A

The start codon

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6
Q

What do activators do?

A

Control gene expression

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7
Q

What do repressors do?

A

Can turn transcription on and off

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8
Q

Where must RNA polymerase attach to the DNA?

A

Upstream of the transcription start site (the promoter)

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9
Q

What do transcription factors bind to?

A

DNA/enzme

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10
Q

What does RNA polymerase bind to?

A

The DNA and is transcribed

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11
Q

What shape is mRNA?

A

Linear

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12
Q

What is used in transcription?

A

mRNA

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13
Q

What is used in translation?

A

tRNA

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14
Q

What shape is tRNA?

A

Clover-leaf shape

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15
Q

Where do amino acids code on the tRNA molecule?

A

At the amino acid attachment site (at the top of the molecule)

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16
Q

Where do anti-codons bind on the tRNA molecule?

A

The bottom of the molecule

17
Q

What shape is rRNA?

A

Sphere shape

18
Q

Are introns coding or non-coding?

A

Non-coding

19
Q

What enzyme removes the introns?

A

The spliceosomes

20
Q

Where does DNA replication and transcription occur in?

A

The nucleus

21
Q

DNA replication and transcription both form what bonds?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

22
Q

What type of base pairing does DNA replication and transcription both use?

A

Complementary base pairing

23
Q

Similarities between DNA replication and transcription?

A

Both involve DNA helicase
Both occur in the nucleus
Both strands are copied
Both form phosphodiester bonds
Both form H+ bonds
Both use complementary base pairing

24
Q

Differences between DNA replication and transcription?

A

Transcription contains RNA polymerase- DNA replication uses DNA polymerase
Transcription only copies one strand- DNA replication copies both strands
Transcription uses RNA nucleotides (A,U,C,G)- transcription uses DNA nucleotides
mRNA is made as the end product in transcription- DNA is made as the end product in DNA replication

25
Q

What is the copied strand in DNA replication called?

A

Pre-mRNA

26
Q

Where does the mature mRNA exit the nucleus via?

A

The nuclear pore

27
Q

What happens to the copied strand once it leaves the nucleus?

A

It is decoded at a ribosome which is found in the cytoplasm (translation)

28
Q

What does each codon code for?

A

A particular amino acid which is brought to the ribosome by tRNA molecules

29
Q

What does the anticodon on tRNA bind to?

A

The complementary codon on mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is brought over

30
Q

How are the amino acids joined together?

A

Using energy from ATP and an enzyme

31
Q

What happens when a stop codon is reached?

A

Translation is terminated and the resulting amino acid chain folds into a protein

A Level Biology (33 decks)

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