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A Level Biology > DNA > Flashcards

DNA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure of a DNA nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar (5 carbons)- deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group

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2
Q

What 4 bases can the nitrogenous bases be?

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

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3
Q

How are the 3 components of the nucleotide joined together?

A

By a condensation reaction

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4
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

Hold/store and pass genetic information from cell to cell and generation to generation

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5
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

The instructions for the growth and development of all organisms

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6
Q

Where does the condensation reaction take place?

A

Between the deoxyribose sugar and the phosphate group of another nucleotide

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7
Q

What bond is formed during a condensation reaction?

A

Phosphodiester bond- makes a dinucleotide

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8
Q

How is the sugar phosphate backbone created?

A

The chain of alternating phosphate groups and pentose sugars produced as a result of many phosphodiester bonds

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9
Q

Which bases are purine and which are pyrimidines?

A

Adenine and guanine- purine
Cytosine and thymine- pyrimidines

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10
Q

What does purine mean?

A

A double ring structure

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11
Q

What does pyrimidines mean?

A

A single ring structure

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12
Q

How do the bases on the 2 strands of DNA attach to each other?

A

Hydrogen bonding

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13
Q

What are the 2 polynucleotide strands like?

A

Running in opposite directions (anti-parallel)

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14
Q

How does a double helix form?

A

The uprights of phosphate and deoxyribose wind around one another to form a double helix

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15
Q

What is similar in both DNA and RNA?

A

Both types of nucleic acid
Both found in all living cells
Both needed to build proteins

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16
Q

Function of RNA?

A

Transfer the genetic code found in DNA out of the nucleus and carry it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

17
Q

What is RNA the copy for?

A

For making protein or having a specific function e.g. carrying amino acids

18
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

19
Q

What is mRNA’s role?

A

Copy used in translation

20
Q

What is the role of rRNA?

A

Combined with proteins to form ribosomes

21
Q

What is the role of tRNA?

A

Anticodon to pair with codon on mRNA- carries the specific amino acid

22
Q

What are the components of a RNA nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group
Ribose sugar with a OH- group at the 2’ position
Nitrogenous base (A,C,G,U)

23
Q

What does the OH group positioned at the 2’ make the RNA molecule?

A

Makes RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis- why DNA is the storage molecule and the RNA is the transport molecule with the shorter molecular lifespan

24
Q

What sugar is in RNA?

A

Ribose

25
Q

4 differences between RNA and DNA structure?

A

RNA- contains uracil, DNA-contains thymine
RNA- contains ribose pentose sugar, DNA- contains deoxyribose pentose sugar
RNA- single stranded, DNA- double stranded
RNA- shorter, DNA- longer

26
Q

Structure of DNA in relation to its function?

A

Single stranded- easily binds to other molecules e.g. for translation
Shorter- only provides the code for one protein

27
Q

Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?

A

In the nucleus- in the form of chromosomes

28
Q

In eukaryotic cells, is DNA membrane bound?

A

Yes

29
Q

Are there plasmids in eukaryotic cells?

A

No plasmids

30
Q

Is DNA linear or non-linear in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA is linear

31
Q

Are DNA molecules longer or shorter in eukaryotic cells?

A

Longer

32
Q

How are chromosomes formed?

A

DNA molecules occur in association with proteins called histones to form chromosomes

33
Q

Is there DNA in chloroplasts?

A

Yes- there is circular DNA in the stroma

34
Q

Is there DNA in the mitochondria?

A

Yes- circular DNA in the matrix

35
Q

What is DNA like in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA may be in the form of circular strands (plasmids)- can have variable number of plasmids

36
Q

Is DNA membrane bound in prokaryotic cells?

A

No membrane bound

37
Q

Is DNA shorter or longer in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA molecules are shorter- form a circle

38
Q

Where are circular chromosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

A

In the nucleoid region

A Level Biology (30 decks)

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