3.1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards
Example of monosaccharides?
Glucose, galactose and fructose
What is a monosaccharide?
A monomer of carbohydrates
What are the isomers of glucose?
Alpha glucose and beta glucose
How are disaccharides formed?
By a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides
What does the condensation reaction form?
A covalent bond called a glycosidic bond
What is released from the condensation reaction?
Water
What makes up maltose?
2 glucose
What makes up sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
What makes up lactose?
Glucose and galactose
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Glycogen, starch and cellulose
what are polysaccharides formed by?
The condensation of many monosaccharides
What are starch and glycogen?
Large complex carbohydrates
What are starch and glycogen used for?
Energy storage
How can molecules of glucose be released?
From starch and glycogen
What are molecules of glucose used for?
Respiration
What type of reaction are glucose molecules released by?
A hydrolysis reaction- uses water and breaks the glycosidic bond between monomers
What does cellulose do?
Provides strength and support for plant cells
Starch is found?
Mainly in plants
Where is glycogen found?
Animals, fungi and bacteria
What type of glucose are the monomers in starch and glycogen?
Alpha-glucose
What type of glucose are the monomers in cellulose?
Beta glucose
What is cellulose made up of?
Microfibrils and macrofibrils- joined together using H bonds- therefore provides strength and rigidity
Are starch and glycogen insoluble or soluble?
Insoluble
What shape is starch and glycogen?
Branched/ coiled/ helical
What is the benefit of the shape of starch and glycogen?
Can fit many glucose molecules into a small space
What shape is cellulose?
Long, straight, unbranched chain
Are starch and glycogen small or large?
Large- therefore cannot cross the cell membrane and diffuse
What type of glycosidic bonds are in starch and glycogen?
1,4 and 1,6
What type of glycosidic bonds are in cellulose?
1,4 glycosidic bonds
What is a monomer?
The smaller units from which larger molecules are made
What is a polymer?
Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
What is a polymer?
Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together in a chain
Alpha’s H is at the top or the bottom?
The top
Isomers?
Same molecular formula- different structural formual
Test for non-reducing sugars?
Boil in HCL- hydrolyse the disaccharides into monosaccharides
Add hydrogen carbonate solution to neutralise
Add Benedict’s
Heat to 80 degrees
Turns from blue to brick red
Where is the H molecule on the beta glucose?
At the bottom
