PRIVATE DWELLINGS Flashcards

0
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS 1.4

What can become a MAJOR PROBLEM of PD’s due to the size of these structures?

A

CROWDING of

STAIRS

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1
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS

What is a MAJOR WEAKNESS of PD’s for firefighting and fire protection standpoint? 2.1

A

OPEN and

UNCLOSED STAIRWAY

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2
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS 2.2
PD’s are generally what SHAPE?
PD’s are usually how many STORIES in HEIGHT?

A

Rectangular

ONE to THREE STORIES IN HEIGHT

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3
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS 2.2

What CLASS of construction are PD’S built?

A

Class 3(NFP) or Class 4 (Wood frame)

Class 3 (NFP)Exterior Walls BRICK
Class 4 (WOOD frame)Exterior Walls of WOOD covered w/ BRICK, VENEER, STUCCO, ASBESTOS SHINGLES, VINYL or ALUMINUM SIDING
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4
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS 2.2 T/F

Lightweight material is commonly found in NEWER construction in both Class 3 and Class 4?

A

TRUE

Fire STOPPING is limited depending on the type of construction

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5
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS 2.3

What may be found on ROOFS that are FLAT or ROOFS that have a LOW PITCH?

A

MAY HAVE

Scuttle AND/OR Skylight

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6
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. 2.4
How many ENTRANCES are most common?
Location(s) of ENTRANCES are usually?

A

TWO ENTRANCES are MOST COMMON

MAIN ENTRANCE
(usually in FRONT)BUT (sometimes located on SIDE seen from street)

SECONDARY ENTRANCE
(Located in FRONT,SIDE and/or REAR)

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7
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS.

Where are INTERIOR STAIRS to the CELLAR,usually located in PD’s with more than one story?

A

Located UNDER the MAIN STAIRS

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8
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS 2.4

Where will usually the INSIDE CELLAR STAIRS be located in SEMI-ATTACHED PD’s?

A

USUALLY found near the

SIDE or REAR ENTRANCES

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9
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS 2.4

RENOVATIONS to PD’s may have done what to the INTERIOR STAIRS?

A

May have been
MOVED or SEALED OFF

STAIRS once there may be a CLOSET now

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10
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS.

What can be used as a POINT OF REFERENCE if PD is built on a slope or if the STORIES are different from FRONT to REAR?

A

The TOP FLOOR can be used as a reference point

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11
Q

PRIVATE DWELLING

What are the TWO different style of CAPE HOUSE’s?

A

“A” FRAME CAPE
and
WIDE LINE CAPE

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12
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. 3.2

What does the presence of DORMERS usually indicate?

A

2nd FLOOR BEDROOM

PORTABLE ladder at dormers are VERY DIFFICULT
Use PORTABLE on EXP 2&4 for access

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13
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. 3.1

What construction is commonly found in STRAIGHT LINE COLONIAL PD’s?

A

Balloon Frame Constuction

Typically(2 1/2 to 3 Stories) (20’x40’)

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14
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS

STRAIGHT LINE COLONIALS

A

2 1/2 to 3 stories
20’x40’
BALLOON FRAME
UTILITIES (cellar)
Side Door access to KITCHEN and STAIRWAY to CELLAR
1st FLOOR FRONT PORCH,LIVING ROOM,OPEN STAIRWAY,DINING ROOM, KITCHEN
2nd FLOOR 2 or 3 bedrooms,bathroom,access to attic

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15
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS

QUEEN ANNE’S

A

2 1/2 to 3 1/2 stories
25 to 30 ft in WIDTH
30 to 50 ft in DEPTH
WOOD FRAME BALLON CONSTRUCTION
LARGE OPEN STAIRS in LIVING ROOM connect 1st n 2nd FLOORS
NARROW REAR or SIDE STAIRS connect 1st,2nd, n 3rd floors
OR
STAIRS may lead from 3rd floor to 1st floor
Vertical Arteries
Hidden Voids
MAY HAVE
Fire Escape attached to combustible Wall OR
SPRINKLERED STAIRWAY

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16
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. 3.8

What type of PD are we seriously concerned about FLOOR COLLAPSE just as much as ROOF COLLAPSE?

A

PRIVATE DWELLINGS using NEWER LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS

Any building w/ LIGHTWEIGHT construction MUST be entered in CIDS

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17
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS

BALLOON FRAME construction are commonly found in what type of Private Dwelling(s)?

A

SOA

S STRAIGHT LINE COLONIAL
O OLDER,LARGER 2 1/2 to 3 story PD’s
A Queen Anne

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18
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. FT

WHAT are indications of the location of STAIRWAYS to the SECOND FLOOR from the EXTERIOR?

A

A)Offset WINDOWS on EXP 2 or 4 Side of house
B)STOOP on the SECONDARY entrance to house
C)2 SECONDARY entrances adjacent to each other on SAME SIDE of house- 1 w/ a stoop 1 at ground level

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19
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. FT

When TRANSMITTING a 10-75 for a Private dwelling fire,what should also be included?

A
Height 
Type
Location
Window Bars if present
Roof if peaked or flat

E71 to the BRONX
10-75 FIRE on the 1st floor of a 2 story 20’x40 FLAT ROOF PD

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20
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. FT CHPTR 3 1.6
When FIRE is on the FIRST FLOOR of a PD that has TWO ENTRANCE where should the primary consideration of the FIRST LINE access?

A

MAIN ENTRANCE door to the building

Also for FIRE’s above the FIRST FLOOR

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21
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. FT. CHPTR 3 1.7

Fire in the CELLAR of a PD that has 2 entrances, where would the First line go?

A

FIRST HOSELINE will go the entrance door that provides the QUICKEST ACCESS to the FIRE AREA

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22
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS FT CHPTR 3 2.6

Who can order an exterior HANDLINE to operate into a cellar window?

A

Chief or OFFICER

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23
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.6

Can a HANDLINE from the EXTERIOR be OPERATED into a CELLAR WINDOW when members are operating inside the CELLAR?

A

YES
NOTE: In an EMERGENCY Situation such as a MEMBER trapped by FIRE in cellar
OR
ENDANGERED by fire because COLLAPSE has occurred

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24
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS FT CHPTR 3 2.7.4
T/F
The decision to reposition the 1st HOSELINE to a secondary entrance can ONLY be made by a CHIEF?

A

TRUE
CHIEF or
ACTING CHIEF (can be a CAPT ABCing that tour)

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25
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. FT.

When should you consider stretching a 2 1/2 line at PRIVATE DWELLINGS?

A

Increased VOLUME of WATER
Increased EXPOSURE PROTECTION
FASTER knockdown
GREATER reach of stream

CONSIDERED FOR WIND IMPACTED FIRE
AND
HEAVILY involved 1st FLOOR in a LARGE PD(Queen Anne)

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26
Q
PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 5.1
An ENGINE(1st to arrive) that drops a 2 1/2 and 1 3/4 HANDLINE in front of a FULLY INVOLVED PD operated accordingly?
A

YES
When 1st to ARRIVE engine BACKSTRETCHES they should drop
TWO HANDLINES in front of building.

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27
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. FT

How can we determine if a PD is BALLOON FRAME CONSTRUCTION?

A

Remove a piece of baseboard on the EXTERIOR wall
AND
CHECK for the presence of a SOLE PLATE

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28
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS. FT

When 2 Hoselines are stretched n operating a THIRD HOSELINE will be stretched to the front of the building?

A

POSITIONED and CHARGED

in front of building

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29
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.2

What are indications of a CELLAR FIRE

A

A) FIRE or SMOKE VENTING from cellar windows
B) VERY hot floorboards on 1st floor, SMOKE showing fr BASEBOARD
C) High Heat,Heavy Smoke NO visible fire on 1st floor
D) SMOKE from ATTIC windows or louvered vents
E) SMOKE pushing from Chimney

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30
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.5
The Thermal Imaging Camera that is showing heat waves emanating across the the 1st FLOOR CEILING and/or SMOKE showing significant FORCE and SPEED UNDER PRESSURE would indicate what?

A

A) interior cellar DOOR is OPEN

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31
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.5

What is a CRITICAL FACTOR about the INTERIOR CELLAR DOOR that should if conditions permit be relayed to the IC?

A
DOOR CONSTRUCTION(steel wood,luan panel)
and 
STATUS of door (open,closed,burned through, unable to locate)
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32
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.7.2

What is the PARAMOUNT CONCERN in making the decision to advance down the INTERIOR CELLAR STAIRS?

A

Safety of Members

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33
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS FT CHPTR 3 2.7.2

In DETACHED and SEMI ATTACHED PD’S were would the 1st line go usually for a CELLAR FIRE?

A

Quickest access to the CELLAR
USUALLY
is the SECONDARY ENTRANCE

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34
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS FT CHPTR 3 2.7.2

In a row of ATTACHED PD’s were would the 1st line go to for a CELLAR FIRE?

A

Quickest access to the CELLAR
IS USUALLY
THE MAIN ENTRANCE

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35
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS

A

H

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36
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 1 photo 1.4

What does a SINGLE OFFSET WINDOW on the 2nd floor indicate on the SIDE ENTRANCE of a STRAIGHT LINE COLONIAL?

A

TOP OF INTERIOR STAIRS
LEADING TO
2nd floor

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37
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 2 2.4

What are possible INDICATIONS that a PD has MULTIPLE FAMILIES living there?

A
# of electric meters
# of cars 
Fire escapes
Multiple entrance doors
Exterior cellar/basement entrance
Garage doors removed n replaced w/ normal entrance door
Mailboxes
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38
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 2 2.7

Can PORCHES n GARAGE ROOFS be used as a PLATFORM,which to work from?

A

YES as long as these structures are of
NORMAL WOOD CONTRUCTION

MEMBers shall NOT USE porch or garage roofs constructed of
ALUMINUM or
LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION

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39
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 2 2.7

WINDOWS w/ sills that are approximately chest high, May require a drop of how many feet to floor level?

A

5 to 6 ft

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40
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 2 2.7

What will determine how difficult the removal of window bars will be?

A

Method of INSTALLATION
and
TYPE of STUCTURE

Window bars vary from aluminum child guards to heavy wrought iron

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41
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.3

CELLAR FIRES in PD’s with what type of construction, may extend to the ATTIC though HIDDEN VOIDS?

A

Balloon CONSTRUCTION

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42
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.74
The repositioning of the 1st HOSELINE MUST be coordinated w/ and communicated to:
A)all UNITS on Scene
B)all UNITS OPERATING inside the building
C)all UNITS OPERATING on scene

A

B

All UNITS operating INSIDE the building

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43
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 2.7.4
What are FACTORS that a CHIEF/ACTING CHIEF must consider on the decision to REPOSITION THE FIRST HOSELINE to a SECONDARY ENTRANCE?

A

A) is another HOSELINE AVAILABLE on scene
B) is repositioning necessary to SAVE/PROTECT LIFE
C) will a delay SEVERELY EXPOSE an ADJOINING PROPERTY
* i think it is a Urgent

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44
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 3.2

2nd HOSELINE for a FIRST FLOOR PD fire,can be used to extinguish fire where, if not needed for backup of the 1st line?

A
In the CELLAR
Or
OTHER FLOORS
Or
EXPOSURES
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45
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 6.2

How should UNITS operate a HOSELINE when protecting an EXPOSURE?

A

Sweep the STREAM across THE FACE OF building
STARTING at TOP so water
CASCADES DOWN THE EXTERIOR

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46
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 3 6.4
Private Dwellings may have limited space btween them. At ground level there may be a space of —- ft and at roof level space may be as little as —– ft?

A

6 to 8 ft ground

2 to 3 ft roof

47
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 2.1

What is the 1st action you do UPON ENTERING a room FROM A WINDOW?

A

Member should make a QUICK CHECK/SWEEP of the floor IN THE HALL OUTSIDE THE DOOR for any victims BEFORE CLOSING THE DOOR

48
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 1.1

What VENTILATION TACTICs will facilitate quicker extinguishment and limit fire spread?

A

CONTROLLED
and
COORDINATED

49
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 1.1.2

What tactic is performed to facilitate the MOVEMENT of a FF into an area to CONDUCT a search for victims?

A

Ventilation for SEARCH

50
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 1.1.2

What tactic coincides w/ the ENGINE CO extinguishment of fire?

A

Ventilation for EXTINGUISHMENT

51
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 2.3
When the search of a room has been completed, the door shall be kept closed til when?
A) fire is under control
B) main body of fire is under control
C) main body of fire has been extinguished
D) main body of fire in hall is contained

A

C

Main Body of FIRE has been EXTINGUISHED

52
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 2.4

What is the PRIMARY FUNCTION of an Engine Co,if how many occupants are found on an UPPER FLOOR?

A

Protect the Interior Stairs CRITICAL

More than ONE OCCUPANT

53
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 5.1 D 5
Who is Responsible to initiate the REMOVAL of WINDOW BARS on the FRONT and who is responsible for the REAR of a PEAKED ROOF PD?

A

1st LADDER
OUTSIDE TEAM
EArly in the operation

54
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 6.2

If a TL cannot be place in the PREFERRED POSITION, where shall the BASKET be placed to a PEAKED ROOF?

A

Preferred position is PARALLEL to the front of building

Place the BASKET to the VALLEY area where a HOOK LADDER can be used to reach the PEAK

55
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 6.2

What is the order of preference,to the ROOF of a PEAKED ROOF PD?

A

TAP

T Tower Ladder
A Aerial Ladder
P Portable ladder

For FLAT ROOF PD
Access to the roof Aerial,Tower,Portable dependent upon TOPOGRAPHY and other conditions(wires,trees,etc)

56
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 6.3 T/F
The POWER SAW may only be used from the BASKET of a TL, to make the INITIAL EXAMINATION HOLE on a PEAKED ROOF with the 1st hole been made at the main LINTEL?

A

FALSE
Initial VENT HOLE not examination hole

At the MAIN GABLE not lintel

57
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 6.3

How do we CUT a PEAKED ROOF w/ an AXE?

A

Straddling PEAK
HOLE over fire
PARALLEL to and ON the LEE SIDE of RIDGE
OPENING generally 2’x3’ (size of opening depends on FF’s REACH)
6ft hook to PUSH DOWN ceiling on TOP FLOOR (
(10ft hook Queen Anne)

58
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 6.3 C
What type of LOAD is SLATE and TILE on a PEAKED ROOF PD?
What type of LOAD is a FF on a ROOF that may cause the roof to collapse?

A

DEAD LOAD

LIVE LOAD

59
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4 7.1

WhAt member, will contact who,with what INFO,if a trapped occupant is located at a FLAT ROOF PD?

A

1st to arrive ROOF
CONTACTS LADDER CO OFFICER
W/ the
EXACT LOCATION

60
Q

PRIVATE DWELLINGS CHPTR 4

A

B

61
Q

PDLW. Strength of LW construction through the interconnection of multi structural components providing support through ____ & ______.

A

compression and tension.

PS if one fails the others may fail.

62
Q

PDLW. In any area of construction what is the critical area subject to failure as a result of fire?

A

point of connection

63
Q

Traditional PD’s is early collapse a prime consideration?

A

NO

estimated at 1 hour

64
Q

PDLW with no ceiling, failure can occur within _____ . If fire extends to LW structural components collapse may occur in _____ to____.

A

within 20 min..

5 to 10 min

65
Q

PDLW. Primary consideration is _______.

A

Collapse

PS sudden with little or no warning signs

66
Q

PDLW. Paramount importance that has NOT extended to structural components is?

A

Positioning of 1st line for early extinguishment or control of contents.
PS structural collapse can occur with a relatively small fire.

67
Q

PDLW. Areas unsupported by columns with spans greater than ____ ft is generally an indication of LW const.

A

greater than 25 ft

68
Q

PDLW. What is the most important factor in PD’s?

A

ID the presence of lightweight const. Any FF notices LW must notify IC also when it is exposed to fire or HIGH heat.

69
Q

PDLW. What is mandatory for the ID of LW const?

A

eCIDS

70
Q

PD’s of LW const. are generally, How tall?

A

1 to 3 stories

71
Q

PDLW. Will u find a fire wall?

A

Yes in semi-attached or attached the fire wall may extend through the attic/cockloft.

72
Q

PDLW. Interior walls are constructed of?

A

1/2 plaster board supported by metal or wood studs.

Attached structures double 5/8 - 1”

73
Q

PDLW exterior walls of stone or brick veneer do they fail in pieces or fail as one complete unit?

A

one complete unit they use wire mesh or metal straps.

74
Q

PDLW. The floors are made of What?

A

cement board/LW concrete
nylon pile carpet/tile
PS will retain heat making it more difficult to detect heat on the floor above the fire.

75
Q

PDLW. T/F Wood truss roofs flat or peaked u commonly find a large open cockloft/attic.

A

True

76
Q

PDLW’s The most common peaked roof?

A

Open-web lightweight wood construction

77
Q

PDLW. The roof rafters are also know as ______ and the roof decking/ceiling joists are known as ____ .

A

Rafters-top chord
Roof decking/ceiling joists- bottom cord
PS will collapse as a complete unit into structure

78
Q

PDLW. Storage is known as what type of load?

A

Live load

79
Q

PDLW. How do access the cockloft/attic space?

A

Scuttle or pull down staircase

80
Q

PDLW. Roof decks are constructed of what size plywood?

A

3/8 or 1/2

81
Q

PDLW. Code requires the space between the floor above or ceiling to be divided into ____ sq. ft or less.

A

500 sq. ft unless it is AUTOMATIC sprinkler.

82
Q

PDLW. T/F Wood I-beam and metal C joist are more prevalent than open web truss in cellars.

A

True

it makes it easier to run utilities

83
Q

PDLW.T/F Decks and Balconies run on the outside of the exterior wall.

A

False.

it run THROUGH the exterior from the interior and is considered a serious collapse potential.

84
Q

The four most common types of LW systems are?

A

LW parallel chord truss
Laminated wood I beams
Metal C- Joists
Composite Truss (aka: SPACE Joist)

85
Q

PDLW. What are the weakest point of the support system of light weight parallel chord wood truss?

A
Gang Nails (aka: gusset plates)
penetrate only 1/4 to 1/2 inch will loosen to high heat, prolonged exp. to water, fire
86
Q

Open- web wood joist uses finger joints that are connected by ____ and are ____ deep.

A

glue
3/4
PS no gusset plates

87
Q

Laminated wood I beams may span ______ ft?

PS. usually connected to load bearing walls with sheet metal joist hangers.

A

over 60 ft.

fitted with glue and routed slot in the top and bottom flanges

88
Q

What is the draw back to fire-retarted material sprayed on beams?

A

Dry out the wood over time making it brittle reducing the strength

89
Q

Metal C-Joist are what dimensions?

A

2x10
1/8 thick also predrilled holes
PS must be braced with strapping and or blocking to prevent twisting

90
Q

PDLW. Heavy fire and smoke on a floor or in a cellar with little or no smoke on the floor above is an indication of?

A

Concrete or gypsum floor poured over corrugated steel ( Q-decking) supported by C-Joists
PS floor line is truss loft

91
Q

Composite Truss are made of what 2 materials?

A

Wood and steel. The steel is the web they use nails or gang nails.

92
Q

What is composite truss also known as?

A

Commercially know as SPACE JOIST.

93
Q

PDLW. What info is given right away as part of initial size up?

A

Age
Signs of recent renovations.
PS LW construction must be transmitted to Borough dispatch

94
Q

If LW construction is suspected what should be done?

A

Immediate examination of ceiling voids as soon as conditions permit.

95
Q

PDLW. When using the TIC, where do u focus it on?

A

Metal gusset plates and C-Joists

PS. TIC might not detect heat or fire where double 5/8 plasterboard is used.

96
Q

PDLW. T/F Primary emphasis for fire in LW build. under construction is of exterior attack.

A

False

unless fire is minor or confined to a small area

97
Q

PDLW. Smoke pushing at the floor line on the outside of the building may be an indiction of?

A

fire in trussloft.

PS indication of collapse is significantly increased.

98
Q

PDLW.T/F When a roof/floor support has been heavily damaged use the reach of stream do not operate directly above or below the damaged area including the entire length of the joist.

A

True

99
Q

PDLW. Eng ops paramount importance is?

PS 2nd line backs up 1st unless addressing a life hazard.

A

1st line for quick knock down of a CONTENTS fire that has not extended to the structure.

100
Q

PDLW. IF 2 lines can not knock down fire, What next?

A

Outside ops considered.

101
Q

PDLW. LW floor supports are how far apart?

A

24 inches use leg forward technique

102
Q

PDLW. If LW is suspected, what does the 1st ladder company do?

A

inspection hole in ceiling from safe distance to determine type of support system. This is a critical.
Tell IC of results.

103
Q

PDLW. Attached build.and fire in cellar or 1st fl Who makes inspection hole in ceiling?

A

Assigned by the IC to an available unit

104
Q

PDLW. Before entering any room on fire 1 or more inspection holes made in ceiling to check for ext. The ladder company shall ensure what?

A

charged line is in position before additional openings are made.

105
Q

PDLW. Plasterboard on ceilings/walls provide support and indiscriminate removal causes instability of buildings using, What type of construction?

A

C-joist construction

Important

106
Q

PDLW. Can we cut roofs of LW construction?

A

Under no circumstances. Neither flat or peaked.

107
Q

PDLW. TopFL. fire and it has not entered cockloft roof ops are limited to ?
PS fire in cockloft no roof ops

A

Check rear and sides of building
vent top fl windows and skylights
inspected HVAC duct vents for unusual heat.
PS leave roof after duties complete

108
Q

PDLW. Before going above fire fl members should determine 3 things?

A

Location and extent of the fire.
Life hazard (known or suspected)
Position and progress of 1st and 2nd line

109
Q

PDLW. T/F A known life hazard must be addressed?

A

Within the limits of safety. Time will be limited except for a known life hazard.

110
Q

PDLW. The 4 key size up indicators for IC?

A

extent of fire
location of fire
volume of smoke and fire
smoke action

111
Q

PDLW. Contents fire, How would u approach it?

A

Standard tactics for PD fire.

PS Colliers Mansion Immediately notify IC considered a LIVE load

112
Q

PDLW. When is the best time to collect info on a specific type of construction?

A

Construction phase

113
Q

PDLW construction is discovered units shall?

3 things

A

Follow procedures in BISP
Enter into eCIDS
conduct site familiarization drills during EACH phase of construction.

114
Q
PD's, Most important:
Factor?
Consideration?
Paramount importance?
Major problem?
A

Factor- ID of LW Const.
Consideration- Collapse
Paramount Importance- positioning 1st line
Major problem-crowding of stairs