Principles and Theories of learning

Question 1

what is the cognitive theory of insight learning by gestalt?

Answer 1

proposes that we learn new behaviours by adapting to suit the environment we are in

e.g. weather, skill of teammates, formation of opposition, requirements of match

Question 2

what is the behaviourism theory of operant conditioning by skinner?

Answer 2

proposes that the outcome of our behaviour will determine how likely we are to repeat the same behaviour when faced in the same situation

positive result = do again
negative result = wont do again

Question 3

what 3 things is the S-R bond affected by? (stimulus - response bond)

Answer 3

• law of exercise (repetition will strengthen bond)
• law of effect (positive outcome will strengthen bond and negative outcome will weaken bond)
• law of readiness (athlete must be in the right condition to perform correct response)

Question 4

what are the 3 techniques that a coach can use to reinforce the desired behaviour in a player? (linked to operant conditioning)

Answer 4

1. positive reinforcement
   - strengthens S-R bond by rewarding athletes when display desired behaviour
2. negative reinforcement
   - strengthens S-R bond by removing negative action when displayed desired behaviour
   (e.g subs)
3. punishment
   - weakens S-R bond by providing a negative action pr removing a positive action when athlete displays incorrect behaviour

Question 5

what is the social learning theory of observational learning by bandura?

Answer 5

the idea that we learn behaviour by observing others

e.g. from a significant other in athletes life, role model, family, teammates

Question 6

what are the 4 stages of observational learning?

Answer 6

1. attention (watching the movement/behaviour)
2. retention ‘memory’ (keeps learnt skill in memory to be used when needed)
3. motor reproduction (performs skill and repetition required)
4. motivation (must maintain motivated to keep consistent with skill execution)

Question 7

what is the constructivism theory of social development theory by vygotsky?

Answer 7

indicates that learning is constructed in stages and shows the development of cognition that is influenced by the zone of proximal development
- inter-psychological
- intra-psychological

Question 8

what in inter-psychological learning?

Answer 8

skills are learnt from external people/things

Question 9

what is intra-psychological learning?

Answer 9

once advice is taken the learner uses cognitive as skill acquisition to piece together actions they need to conduct

Question 10

how to optimise learning?

Answer 10

• a expert helps a novice
• decrease time spent with notice to allow them to remember skill
• novice should practice the whole skill until completed