Cardiovascular system Flashcards
APPLIED ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
what is heart rate
ventricular systole
measure in bpm
amount of times a heart beats per minute
what is stroke volume
amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat
measure in Mc
what is cardiac output
amount of blood ejected from heart per minute
measured in 1/min
symbol Q
heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output
what is the conduction system
medulla oblongata
sino arterial node (SA)
arterial ventricular node (AV)
bundle of his
purkunje fibres
ventricular systole (heart beat)
what allows the transport of oxygen happen?
haemoglobin
- protein that transports and carries o2 in RBCs
myoglobin
- protein in muscle that allows haemoglobin and oxygen to detach from RBCs and go into working muscle
what is diastole in the cardiac cycle
the period of time when the ventricles and atrium relax to allow blood flow into heart
what is systole in the cardiac cycle
the period of time where the ventricles and atrium are contracted to allow blood flow into heart
how does sport benefit the heart?
- prevents heart disease by improving blood circulation and lowering blood pressure
- reduces high cholesterol by reducing weight and lipoproteins
- prevents a stroke by having a stronger heart
how does sport benefit fitness?
- increases cardiac output by cardiac hypertrophy
- improves components of fitness due to increased activity
what are the 3 heart rate stages during exercise (graph)
stage 1 = anticipatory rise
pre exercise when the body is warming up and adrenaline is released
stage 2 = steady state / platue
during exercise when the heart rate and demand of sport begin to be at the same pace
stage 3 = EPOC / excessive post exercise oxygen consumption
at the end of exercise, having a gradual decrease in heart rate while keeping it elevated allows to replenish oxygen debt, prevent the build up of lactic acid and aids o2 transportation
what is the pathway of blood
to lungs:
deoxygenated blood goes through the superior vena cava and into the right atrium, stays in for .3s to allow to fill up and then released into the right ventricle and transported out the pulmonary artery to the lungs to be oxygenated
to body:
the blood come back through the pulmonary vein into the left atrium, stays in for .3s to allow blood to fill, and the ejected into the left ventricle and then pumped to the aorta where it distributes the blood around the body
what regulates heart rate
- sympathetic nervous system (stress state, high HR and BR)
- parasympathetic nervous system (relax state, lower HR and BR)
what is a neural factor to heart rate regulation
- proprioceptors
- chemoreceptors
- baroreceptors
what do proprioceptors do
detect muscle and joint movement
e.g.
so at exercise increases demand of oxygen for the legs
what do chemoreceptors do
detect a change in blood pH
e.g
when getting fatigued the chemoreceptors detect more co2 in system and send an impulse to increase HR and BR to diffuse more
what do baroreceptors do
detect changes in blood pressure
e.g.
more oxygen required during exercise increases HR and BP
what are the hormonal factor to heart rate regulation
adrenaline
- stimulates adregentic receptors and increase HR
non-adrenaline
- released when in stressful situations and increases HR to prepare body
what is the intrinsic factors of heart regulation
core temperature
- way the body controls heart rate, when too high HR increases to reach top of skin to warm up
what is starlings law
ability of the cardiac muscle to increase contractually in response to a stretch or tension
increases cardiac output
increases stroke volume
what are the 5 factors of venous return?
- skeletal muscle pump
- respiratory pump
- valves
- smooth muscle
- gravity
what is A-Vo2 dif
the difference of oxygenated blood in arteries and veins
increases during exercise
when does cardiovascular drift happen (graph)
occurs as a result of a reduction of blood plasma
decreasing venous return
decreasing stroke volume
what is the oxygen dissociation curve? (graph)
shows the dissociation between partial pressure of oxygen and haemoglobin saturation % during exercise
what is the bohr shift? (graph)
connected to the oxygen dissociation curve
describes that increased carbon dioxide levels/decreased blood pH causes haemoglobin to release oxygen more rapidly to the working muscles, shifting the dissociation curve to the right
