Efficiency of information processing

Question 1

whitings information processing model

Answer 1

provides and explanation of how an individual processes information around them which enables them to formulate a response as a result

has 7 connecting components
1. input
2. receptor systems
3. perceptual mechanisms
4. translatory mechanisms
5. effector mechanisms
6. muscular system/output
7. feedback data

Question 2

explanation on components of whiting information processing model

Answer 2

1. input
   - information from the sporting environment
   - when an individual is faced with multiple different sporting actions
2. receptor systems
   - sensory organs (audio, visual, spacial)
   - information is collected and stored
   - informing the brain with what we can see, hear and feel
3. perceptual mechanisms
   - fitting all information into categories
   - selective attention taking place to find the important stimuli and leaving the irrelevant behind
4. translatory mechanisms
   - decision making
   - information is compared to past experiences to allow individual to make a correct decision to match environment
5. effector mechanisms
   - iniciates the response to decision made via motor neurons
   - message for movement sent to brain to activate the CNS to required muscles for action
6. muscular system/output
   - physical response
   - message has been sent to brain to allow the body to do movement
7. feedback data
   - outcome positive or negative impacts what feedback you give yourself
   - stored in long term memory
   - impact future decisions in similar environment

Question 3

what is reaction time

Answer 3

amount of time between an initiation of stimulus and start of response

Question 4

what is movement time

Answer 4

amount of time between start and end of response

Question 5

what is response time

Answer 5

amount of time between initiation of stimulus and completion of response

reaction time + movement time = response time

Question 6

what are the 2 types of reaction time

Answer 6

simple:
- response when faced with one stimulus

choice:
- response when faced with multiple stimuli and respond to one

Question 7

what is the phycological refractory period

Answer 7

a delayed response to a second stimulus due to first stimulus being processed

Question 8

what is hicks law (graph)

Answer 8

time taken to respond to a stimulus increases as the number of stimuli increase

Question 9

what is the single channel hypothesis

Answer 9

when multiple stimuli are being received and the brain can only process one at a time, and the second stimuli can only be processed once the first has been fully processed

Question 10

6 strategies to improve response time

Answer 10

1. regular practice (increase anticipation)
2. completing drills to improve processing speed
3. improving selective attention
4. mental rehearsal
5. training specific stimuli responses
6. improve fitness (increases reaction time)

Question 11

what is anticipation

Answer 11

involves predicting a stimulus before its present

better in elite athletes

Question 12

what are the 2 types of anticipation

Answer 12

spacial summation:
- predicting what is going to happen

temporal summation:
- predicting when its going to happen

Question 13

what is schmidt’s schema theory

Answer 13

a learning theory which explains how to make effective decisions in sport

states that motor programs can be adapted to respond to different situations

Question 14

what are the 2 types of schema

Answer 14

recall:
- prior to movement
- initial conditions informing regarding the situation they are in
- response specifications refer to the desired response of individual

recognition:
- after movement
- sensory consequences allow individual to recognise how the movement felt and how it looked
- response outcome is how successful the movement was
- feedback is collected from knowledge of feel and result to influence next time
- ensures maximal effectiveness of schema

Question 15

4 measurable factors of schmidt’s scheme

Answer 15

allows access to coaching guidance and feedback offering

1. lots of feedback
   - intrinsic and external required to allow schema to be developed and to broaden individuals experience
2. varied practice
   - coaches should vary practice to allow individual to experience different environments to adapt skill
3. transfer of learning
   - learn new skills that are adaptations of each other
   - allow positive skill transfer
4. fundamental basic skills first
   - before making it specific make sure basic fundamentals are learnt and precise

Question 16

3 ways to improve information processing

Answer 16

1. selective attention
   - relative practice including distractions
   - improves response time and input collection
2. chunking
   - stores a number of separate stimuli as large unit
   - improves decision making
3. chaining
   - links separate stimuli together to form a sequence
   - improves decision making