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Advanced Anatomy > Posterior Abdominal Wall and Kidneys > Flashcards

Posterior Abdominal Wall and Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

The diaphragm has 3 openings or hiatus’s, what are they?

A

Inferior vena cava, esophageal and vagal trunks, aortic, azygos and thoracic ducts.

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2
Q

At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava opening come in to the diaphragm?
Esophageal and vagal trunks?
Aortic, azygos and thoracic duct?

A

T8, T10, T12

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3
Q

What is the treatment for chronic hiccups?

A

crush the phrenic nerve

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4
Q

Bochdalek’s hernia is … and …

A

back and left

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5
Q

Morgagni hernia is a ….

A

hole in the front of the diaphragm

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6
Q

2 fascias of the abdominal wall

A

psoas fascia and renal or Gerota’s fascia.

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7
Q

Psoas fascia forms the…

A

medial arcuate ligament

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8
Q

Posterior abdominal wall muscles

A

QL, psoas, iliacus

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9
Q

Psoas abscess

A

collection of pus in the iliopsoas muscle

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10
Q

Primary psoas abscess risk factors..from distant site.

A

diabetes, intravenous drug use, HIV, renal failure, other forms of immunosuppression

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11
Q

Secondary psoas abscess occurs as a result of direct spread of infection to psoas from adjacent structures such as..

A

vertebrae, hip arthroplasty, GI, aorta, genitourinary tract

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12
Q

Psoas abscesses are more common in

A

males

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13
Q

Posterior abdominal wall nerves (8)

A

subcostal, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, obturator, lumbosacral trunk

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14
Q

subcostal nerve vertebral column

A

T12

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15
Q

iliohypogastric nerve vertebral column

A

L1

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16
Q

ilioinguinal nerve vertebral column

A

L1

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17
Q

genitofemoral nerve vertebral columns

A

L1, L2

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18
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve vertebral columns

A

L2, L3

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19
Q

Femoral nerve vertebral columns

A

L2-L4

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20
Q

Obturator nerve vertebral columns

A

L2-L4

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21
Q

Lumbosacral trunk nerves vertebral columns

A

L4, L5

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22
Q

Subcostal nerve runs… to 12th rib.

A

inferior

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23
Q

Subcostal nerve is … to QL

A

anterior

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24
Q

Subcostal nerve acts as a … nerve to hypogastrium and lateral cutaneous.

A

sensory

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25
Q

Subcostal nerve serves as a…nerve to anterior wall/diaphragm.

A

motor

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26
Q

Iliohypogastric nerve is … to QL. Serves as a ….nerve to hip. It might be joined with.

A

anterior, sensory, ilioinguinal nerve

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27
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve is on the ….of QL. It comes out of the ….

A

anterior surface, superficial inguinal ring

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28
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh runs …to iliacus muscle. When compressed it causes?

A

anterior

meralgia paresthetica or lateral femoral cutaneous nerve syndrome

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29
Q

Femoral nerve runs … to psoas.

A

lateral

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30
Q

Femoral nerve serves as a ….nerve to psoas, iliacus, anterior thigh muscles and … to thigh and leg.

A

motor, sensory

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31
Q

Genitofemoral nerve runs ….of psoas muscle. The genital branch serves as a … nerve to cremasteric muscle and ….to scrotal/labial skin.
Femoral branch is sensory to skin over…

A

anterior
motor
sensory
femoral triangle and medial thigh

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32
Q

Cremastic reflex tests the…

A

genitofemoral nerve and L1/L2

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33
Q

Obturator nerve runs …. psoas. It serves as a … nerve to the adductor muscles of the thigh and … to medial thigh above the knee.

A

deep on, medial border; motor, sensory

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34
Q

Lumbosacral trunk runs … and …. to psoas and obturator nerve. It joins S1 at …. It is … and …. to glute, thigh and leg.

A

deep and medial.
sacral plexus
motor and sensory

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35
Q

Adrenal gland is on the posterior wall at which vertebral column?

A

T12-L1

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36
Q

Adrenal glands are …

A

retroperitoneal

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37
Q

Adrenal glands are enclosed in

A

renal fascia (Gerotas)

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38
Q

Adrenal glands are composed of 2 parts:

A

cortex endocrine, medulla sympathetic ganglion

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39
Q

There is no….innervation of adrenal glands.

A

parasympathetic

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40
Q

Adrenal glands only have … fibers and release …% norepinephrine and …% epinephrine.

A

pre-ganglionic
20
80

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41
Q

The renal pelvis is also called..

A

infudibulum

42
Q

Renal arteries arise from ….intervertebral discs.

A

L1/L2

43
Q

Right renal artery passes …to IVC.

A

posterior

44
Q

Left renal artery passes… to left renal vein.

A

posterior

45
Q

Left renal vein receives …. and passes anterior to aorta.

A

left testicular/ovarian vein (gonadal veins)

46
Q

Nerve innervation to the kidneys

A

lesser splanchnic and least splanchnic (T10-L1)

47
Q

Most common type of kidney stone? What causes them?

A

calcium oxalate; inadequate calcium and fluid intake

48
Q

Another reason for a kidney stone?

A

uric acid

49
Q

The horse-shoe kidney is formed because it is prevented from raising up by the …

A

root of the inferior mesenteric artery

50
Q

Horse-shoe kidney is found people with what syndrome?

A

Turners

51
Q

People with Horse-shoe kidneys have ….at a greater frequency.

A

UTIs

52
Q

3 non-paired vessels of the abdmen

A

celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery

53
Q

The two vessels we need to know that are paired in the abdomen?

A

renal, gonadal

54
Q

Celiac trunk supplies blood to …

A

foregut organs

55
Q

Superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the …

A

midgut organs

56
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the …

A

hindgut organs

57
Q

Abdominal aorta enters the abdomen through the diaphragm at …., branches off the …artery at …., SMA at inferior edge of …., renal artery and vein at …., IMA at …. and bifurcates into common iliac arteries at inferior edge of ….

A 
T12
Celiac, T12/L1
L1
L1-L2
L3
L4
58
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is defined as having an aorta that is larger than…cm and if it becomes …cm it will need to be repaired.

A

3

over 5

59
Q

Most common site of AAA is

A

below the renal arteries

60
Q

AAA presents as….

A

painless pulsatile abdominal mass

61
Q

AAA is common in

A

adults over 60 and males more than females

62
Q

AAA is associated with

A

atherosclerosis

63
Q

AAA is the …. leading cause of death.

A

13th

64
Q

At T12/L1, short anterior branch of celiac artery gives off…

A

left gastric
splenic
common hepatic

65
Q

Celiac trunk and branches provide

A

blood to foregut organs

66
Q

Left gastric artery has an …branch. It is located on the … side of the lesser curvature of the stomach. It …with the right gastric artery.

A

esophageal
left
anastomosis

67
Q

The splenic artery is …and …along the superior border of the pancreas.

A

retroperitoneal

coiling

68
Q

The splenic artery branches off to ….

A

pancreatic branch
short gastric arteries to the fundus of the stomach
left gastro omental

69
Q

Common hepatic artery bifurcates at the pylorus into…

A

hepatic proper and gastroduodenal artery

70
Q

Hepatic proper artery is ….while gastroduodenal is …

A

ascending

descending

71
Q

Hepatic proper artery branches off into

A

right gastric artery

left and right hepatic artery

72
Q

Superior mesenteric artery descends anterior to…

A

left renal vein, 3rd part of duodenum an uncinate process of pancreas.

73
Q

The superior mesenteric artery has … branches.

A

intestinal

74
Q

The superior mesenteric artery (descending toward the right) into 3 branches:

A

middle colic, right colic, and ileocolic

75
Q

Superior mesenteric artery supplies blood to …organs

A

midgut

76
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery originates @ …level.

A

L3

77
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery descends toward rectum with 3 branches:

A

left colic, sigmoid, superior rectal

78
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to …organs

A

hindgut

79
Q

Variation of SMA and IMA is … which shortcuts SMA and IMA

A

Arc of Riolan

80
Q

The hepatic portal vein has ….valves

A

no

81
Q

The hepatic portal vein collects …blood from GI organs and sends to the …

A

high nutrient blood

liver

82
Q

After the hepatic portal vein sends blood to liver, it returns it to … via hepatic veins.

A

IVC

83
Q

Portal vein is formed by…

A

splenic vein and SMV

84
Q

The portal vein is ..pancreas neck at the …plane.

A

behind

transpyloric

85
Q

The portal vein is …. to IVC.

A

Anterior

86
Q

The portal vein is ..portal triad.

A

within

87
Q

Portal vein is on the … wall of the omentum foramen.

A

anterior

88
Q

The portal vein enters …

A

porta hepatis

89
Q

What venous plexuses allow portal vein to anastomose with systemic veins?

A

esophageal plexus
paraumbilical plexus
rectal plexuses

90
Q

Paraumbilical plexus clinical manefistation?

A

caput Madusae

91
Q

Rectal plexuses clinical manesfistation?

A

hemorrhoids

92
Q

Portal hypertension

A

increased pressure of hepatic portal vein due to scarring or fibrosis of the liver or obstruction of the blood flow

93
Q

Portal hypertension causes lower esophageal …. which are abnormally dilated veins.

A

venous varices

94
Q

In general, most sensory information is carried through the … portion of ANS. Exception to this rule?

A

sympathetic

some sensory from pelvic

95
Q

Visceral innervation is mostly..

A

sympathetic T1-L2

96
Q

Greater splanchnic nerves vertebral associations? Which organs do they innervate?

A

T5-T9

celiac ganglion and foregut organs

97
Q

Lesser splanchnic nerves vertebral associations? Which organs do they innervate?

A

T10-11

superior mesenteric ganglion and midgut organs

98
Q

Least splanchnic nerves vertebral associations? Which organs do they innervate?

A

T12

inferior mesenteric ganglion and hindgut organs

99
Q

Lumbar and sacral nerves, what do they innervate?

A

superior and inferior hypogastric plexus and pelvic organs

100
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibers route starting from the spinal cord: preganglionic fibers leave spinal nerve via … and … in paravertebral ganglion.
Preganglionic fibers … or ….
Preganglionic fibers that descended within sympathetic trunk to …or … vertebral level then synapse. Post ganglionic fibers go back into spinal nerve via …
Preganglionic fibers pass through ….and become …, travel … and synapse.

A 
white rami communicantes
synapse
ascend or descend
higher or lower 
gray rami communicantes
para-vertebral ganglion
splanchnic nerves 
pre aortic/prevertebral gang
101
Q

All primary rami of spinal nerves carry ….fibers.

A

postganglionic sympathetic efferent

102
Q

Visceral innervation-parasympathetic has two centers: …via…to all abdominal organs and … via ….to hindgut organs.

A

brainstem via vagus nerve

S2-4 via pelvic splanchnic nerve

Advanced Anatomy (38 decks)

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