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Advanced Anatomy > Lungs and Mechanism of Breathing > Flashcards

Lungs and Mechanism of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

How many membranes are there covering the lungs?

A

2

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2
Q

First membrane?

A

visceral pleura

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3
Q

second membrane?

A

parietal pleura

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4
Q

Which membrane is the outermost?

A

parietal

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5
Q

pleura is a thin serous membrane called …resting on a …. that forms a sack around each lung.

A

mesothelium, basal lamina

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6
Q

visceral pleura covers …

A

each lung

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7
Q

parietal pleura lines…

A

the wall of the pleura cavities that surround the lung

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8
Q

pleural cavity holds…ml of serous fluid

A

20

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9
Q

pleural fluid pressure is…

A

slightly lower than atmospheric pressure.

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10
Q

if the pleural cavity is compromised, then the lung will …toward the …region.

A

collapse, hilar

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11
Q

visceral pleura is continuous with the parietal pleura at the …of the lung.

A

hilum (hilar region)

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12
Q

hilum

A

root of the lung; where the bronchus and pulmonary vessels enter and leave the lung

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13
Q

pulmonary ligament is…

A

not a true ligament

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14
Q

What is the pulmonary ligament?

A

an extra reflection of pleural membranes onto each other; it is inferior to the hilar regions.

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15
Q

parietal pleura is subdivided into 4 areas…

A

cervical, costal, diaphragmatic and mediastinal pleuras

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16
Q

cervical pleura (cupula)

A

extends superior to 1st rib

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17
Q

costal pleura

A

contact with rib cage

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18
Q

diaphragmatic pleura

A

contact with upper surface of diaphragm

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19
Q

mediastinal pleura

A

contact with mediastinal structures

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20
Q

costomediastinal recess

A

where costal and mediastinal pleura meet anterior to the heart in the left pleural space.

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21
Q

what is adjacent to the costomediastinal recess?

A

lingula

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22
Q

costodiaphragmatic recess (aka costophrenic sulcus)

A

region that will most likely collect excess fluid in pleural space when upright.

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23
Q

fluid in pleural cavity is about …mmHg less than atm pressure which keeps lungs filling the pleural cavity.

A

2-6

24
Q

because there is normally a lower pressure in the pleural space, both fluids and air will…and …lung from space.

A

fill this space; displace aka collapse the lung

25
Q

pneumothorax

A

hole in lung which allows air to be pulled into pleural space. Causing lung collapse

26
Q

common symptoms of pneumothorax are…

A

chest pain, respiratory distress and tachycardia

27
Q

spontaneous pneumothorax is caused by the rupture of a … or a small sac on the surface of the lung.

A

cyst

28
Q

spontaneous pneumothorax is ….

A

primary

29
Q

primary pneumothorax affects about… person

A

9,000

30
Q

primary pneumothorax most common in … between the ages of ….

A

20-40, men

31
Q

secondary pneumothorax occurs…

A

in individuals with known lung disease

32
Q

the term …is used much more frequently than hydrothorax

A

pleural effusion

33
Q

both lungs have …fissure and right lung has a horizontal or …. fissure that subdivides the upper lobe.

A

major or oblique, minor

34
Q

bronchopulmonary segments include … and … with pulmonary veins draining segment nearby

A

bronchi and pulmonary arteries

35
Q

pulmonary arteries carry ..blood from …to lungs.

A

deoxygenated; right ventricle

36
Q

left pulmonary artery is attached to… by …

A

arch of aorta, ligamentum arteriosum

37
Q

right pulmonary artery crossed under the ….to reach the right lung

A

arch of aorta

38
Q

each lung as three principal surfaces

A

costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic

39
Q

right lung has grooves for…

A

superior vena cava, arch of azygos vein

40
Q

right hilum has …

A

right bronchus (superior and posterior). right pulmonary arteries (middle), right pulmonary veins (anterior and inferior)

41
Q

left lung has grooves for…

A

cardiac impression and grooves for arch of aorta and descending aorta

42
Q

left hilum has

A

left posterior bronchus, left pulmonary artery (superior), left pulmonary veins (anterior and inferior)

43
Q

right bronchus is … and shorter and more … We are more likely to receive an aspirated foreign body here.

A

wider, vertical

44
Q

left bronchus is … and more … as it passes into the lung

A

narrower and horizontal

45
Q

the carina is a ridge that subdivides the … into right and left bronchi

A

trachea

46
Q

Aspirated foreign objects end up blocking the …

A

right, inferior lobar bronchus

47
Q

the pulmonary plexus receives both…. innervation

A

sympathetic (T1-5) and parasympathetic (From vagus)

48
Q

parasympathetic innervation produces …. mucous secretion and bronchial vasodilation.

A

bronchial constriction

49
Q

sympathetic innervation produces … and likely reduced mucous secretions.

A

bronchial dilation

50
Q

afferent nerves are generally responsible for … and … reflex and travel with sympathetic nerves.

A

pain and cough

51
Q

the visceral pleura and lungs themselve shave no ….fibers.

A

pain

52
Q

the parietal pleura, particularly the costal region, is innervated with …fibers.

A

pain

53
Q

because diagphragm is innervated by C3,4,5. parietal pleura pain may be referred to the..

A

neck and shoulder regions

54
Q

quiet inspiration muscles…

A

diaphragm and little bit of external and interchondral portion of internal intercostal muscles.

55
Q

quiet expiration muscles…

A

passive, elastic recoil of lungs in thoracic cage and abdominal muscles

56
Q

forced inspiration muscles

A

same as quiet plus sternocleidomastoid, 3 scalene muscles and serratus posterior superior

57
Q

forced expiration muscles

A

rectus abdominis, external and internal obliques, internal intercostal muscles, serratus posterior inferior, transverse thoracis muscle

Advanced Anatomy (38 decks)

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