Basal Ganglia and Diencephalon

Question 1

Basal Ganglia is associated with (4)

Answer 1

voluntary motor control procedural learning related to habits, eye movements and cognitive, emotional functions

Question 2

Four parts of the basal ganglia

Answer 2

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, thalamus

Question 3

Basal ganglia lies deep to…

Answer 3

insular cortex

Question 4

Corpus striatum consists of the …

2

Answer 4

basal ganglia and internal capsule

Question 5

The internal capsule are…

Answer 5

myelinated fibers

Question 6

The internal capsule myelinated fibers are part of the … and …. tracts.

Answer 6

corticospinal, corticobulbar

Question 7

The internal capsule separate the … and …. from the more lateral…. and …. nuclei.

Answer 7

caudate nucleus and thalamus from the more lateral globus pallidus and putamen nuclei

Question 8

The caudate nucleus is bounded on one side by the lateral ventricle and is divided into a …. It also contains …..

Answer 8

head, body, tail

endorphins

Question 9

The caudate nucleus is highly involved in .. and … particularly regarding ….processing.

Answer 9

learning and memory

feedback

Question 10

Caudate nucleus has been thought to be involved in ..

Answer 10

OCD

Question 11

Lenticular nuclei consists of…

Answer 11

putamen, globus pallidus nuclei

Question 12

Putamen is connected to … (3)

Answer 12

caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, globus pallidus

Question 13

Neurons in the putamen release…

Answer 13

dopamine

Question 14

Parkinsonian’s putamen..

Answer 14

cause excessive inhibition of the thalamus

Question 15

Main parts of the basal ganglia (5)

Answer 15

striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, red nucleus

Question 16

Internal capsule has what three parts?

Answer 16

anterior limb, genu (middle), posterior limb

Question 17

Anterior portion of the posterior limb contains major… and … pathways.

Answer 17

ascending and descending

Question 18

What are the descending tracts that run in the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

Answer 18

corticobulbar and coritcospinal

Question 19

What fibers run in the descending tracts of the posterior limb in the internal capsule?

Answer 19

Face, arm and leg

Question 20

The posterior third of the posterior limb of the internal capsule contains what fibers and from where?

Answer 20

third-order sensory fibers from the posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus

Question 21

Parkinsons is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the …

Answer 21

substantia nigra

Question 22

The function of the Basal ganglia seems to be to … other portions of the CNS to allow ….of voluntary movement.

Answer 22

disinhibit

initiation

Question 23

The normal function of the basal ganglia is …

Answer 23

inhibitory to prevent excess movements

Question 24

Defects in the function of basal ganglia are characterized by changes in ….

Answer 24

muscle tone, akinesia, bradykinesia, or dyskinesia

Question 25

Huntington's is a loss of neurons in the ... and .k..

Answer 25

caudate and putamen

Question 26

There is also a loss of ... neurons in the striatum which results in chorea with Huntington's disease.

Answer 26

GABA-ergic

Question 27

The cerebral cortex also becomes ... in Huntington's disease.

Answer 27

atrophic

Question 28

Hemiballismus results from damage to the .... nucleus.

Answer 28

contralateral subthalamic

Question 29

Diencephalon Components (4)

Answer 29

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus

Question 30

Thalamus is responsible for ... information to cortex, ....information to and from....and motor information to and from ....

Answer 30

``` sensory motor basal ganglia motor cerebellum ```

Question 31

Motor output travels past thalamus not ... it.

Answer 31

through

Question 32

Functional divisions of the thalamus (5):

Answer 32

sensory, motor, arousal, multimodal, non-specific

Question 33

Sensory nuclei from the thalamus project fibers to the ....

Answer 33

sensory cortex

Question 34

Motor nuclei of the thalamus project fibers from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the ...

Answer 34

motor cortex

Question 35

Three portions of the hypothalamus

Answer 35

optic chiasm, infundibulum/pituitary, mammillary bodies

Question 36

neurohypophysis is

Answer 36

posterior pituitary gland

Question 37

How many pituitary hormones from anterior portion?

Answer 37

6

Question 38

How many pituitary hormones from posterior portion?

Answer 38

2

Question 39

``` The Great Anterior Pituitary Gland ```

Answer 39

``` TSH GH ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone) PRL (prolactin) Gonads: FSH and LH ```

Question 40

Axons from both the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei travel to the ... portion of the pituitary or the...

Answer 40

posterior | neurohypophysis

Question 41

What two hormones are secreted from neurohypophysis?

Answer 41

oxytocin, vasopressins (ADH, antidiuretic hormone)

Question 42

Dysfunction of the subthalamic nucleus produces...

Answer 42

hemiballismus

Question 43

Epithalamus includes...

Answer 43

habenula nuclei, pineal body

Question 44

Pineal body secretes ..

Answer 44

melatonin