Heart Structures Flashcards
1
Q
pericardium is made up of two parts:
A
fibrous and serous pericardium
2
Q
serous pericardium has two anatomical regions:
A
visceral serous pericardium on the heart itself and parietal serous pericardium which forms the inner surface of the wall of the pericardial sac.
3
Q
fibrous pericardium is tough, indistensible outer portion of the pericardium that fuses with the .. of the great arteries and veins …. cm above the heart
A
adventitia, 2-4
4
Q
serous pericardium is a … sac that covers the heart as the visceral layer or the … and on the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium as the … layer.
A
closed, epicardium, parietal
5
Q
outer surface of the fibrous pericardium …with the fibrous portions of the diaphragm inferiorly. With each contraction of the diaphragm, the heart is pulled ….
A
fuses, inferiorly
6
Q
pericardial cavity is a space normally filled with … ml of lubricating fluid.
A
15-50 or ~20
7
Q
pericardial fluid is though to be produced by the … and is essentially an ultrafiltrate of plasma.
A
visceral pericardium
8
Q
transverse pericardial sinus is a …. between the right and left sides of the ….cavity.
A
passageway, pericardial
9
Q
oblique pericardial sinus is a blind …. dorsal to the ….atrium formed by pericardial reflections surrounding the pulmonary veins and superior and inferior vena cava
A
pocket, left
10
Q
oblique pericardial sinus is the most ….portion of the pericardial sac laying supine.
A
dependent (lowest)
11
Q
cardiac tamponade
A
compression of the heart due to rapid accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac.
12
Q
Indications of cardiac tamponade
A
jugular venous distention, distant heart sounds, hypotension with dyspnea
13
Q
The internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins have …. but the external jugular does not.
A
valves
14
Q
pain often worsens in pericarditis when …
A
laying down
15
Q
pericardial friction rub
A
highly specific for acute pericarditis
16
Q
most of the blood to and from the pericardium comes through the …
A
pericardiophrenic artery and vein
17
Q
innervation of the pericardium is via the
A
phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
18
Q
male hearts pump …gm and women …. gm
A
325, 275
19
Q
S2 dub sound is produced by …
A
closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
20
Q
S1 lub sound is produced by…
A
closing of the AV valave
21
Q
base of the heart is ….
A
posterior aspect formed by left atrium along with a narrow portion of right atrium
22
Q
apex of the heart is…
A
blunt descending projection formed by left ventricle
23
Q
diaphragmatic surface of the heart is..
A
formed largely by left ventricle along with narrow portion of right ventricle
24
Q
sternocostal surface of the heart..
A
composed largely of right atrium and right ventricles along with narrow portion of left ventricle
25
obtuse margin or left margin of the heart
formed by left ventricle and a little bit of left auricle
26
acute margin of the heart or inferior border
narrowed inferior boreder where sternocostal and diaphragmatic surfaces meet and is formed largely by right ventricle
27
right margin formed by...
superior vena cava and right atrium
28
coronary sulcus separates
atria from ventricles
29
fibrous skeleton of the heart...
surrounds heart valves
30
fibrous skeleton has clinical significance only if it becomes ...meaning...
stretched; heart valves failed
31
right atrium volume
75-80 ml
32
walls are ...in right atrium than left
thicker
33
sinus venarum is in ... and is a smooth region derived from incorporation of ...of sinus venosus.
right atrium; right horn
34
auricle more common name; corresponds to primitive...of embryonic heart and contains... muscles
R. atrial appendage; atrium; pectinate
35
pectinate muscles
ridges of myocardium; only in atria
36
crista terminalis is the junction of ...vs...of the sinus venarum; superior end marks the location of...
pectinate muscles vs smooth interior; SA node
37
fossa ovalis marks the site of the embryonic ...through which blood passes from right atrium to left after birth.
foramen ovale
38
opening of coronary sinus
site of venous blood return that has passed through the cardiac muscle
39
valve of inferior vena cava: in embryonic heart, it directs blood from ...through ... into ....
inferior vena cava through foramen ovale and into left atrium
40
superior vena cava is a large superior opening in the ... that brings ...oxygenated blood from the head and upper limbs
sinus venarum that brings poorly oxygenated blood from the head and upper limbs
41
inferior vena cava is a large inferior opening in the ... that brings ...oxygenated blood from the ...and ...
sinus venarum that brings poorly oxygenated blood from the abdomen and lower limb
42
right AV orifice is the site of blood flow out of the ...atrium and into the ...ventricle
right, right
43
right ventricle has a wall that is ... think and holds ...ml
4-8mm; 120ml
44
cusps of the tricuspid valve
anterior, posterior and septal cusps of the AV valve
45
trabeculae carneae are ...muscular elevations on the ...
irregular; inner wall of the ventricle
46
papillary muscles are ... ,...and ... in right ventricle
anterior (largest), posterior (smaller) and septal (smallest)
47
chordae tendineae
fibrous strands connecting papillary muscles to cusps of AV valves
48
septomarginal trabecula aka...
moderator band
49
conus arteriosus aka...is a smooth-walled ...tract to the pulmonary trunk and is separated from ventricle by ...
infundibulum; outflow; supraventricular crest
50
pulmonary valve allows blood to exit...
right ventricle and into pulmonary trucnk past the 3 semilunar cusps
51
left atrium holds ... ml and is the ...chamber.....to esophagus
55-65; posterior; anterior
52
pulmonary veins have ...right and ...left... and they carry ....blood to left atrium.
2,2,oxygenated
53
smooth-walled part is derived from incorporation of ....veins
pulmonary
54
fossa ovale
a slight depression in the interatrial wall
55
rough-walled part
derived from embryonic atrium and contains pectinate muscles
56
left atrial appendage or auricle is often ...in patients with A-fib due to clots
closed
57
AV orifice is where
blood exits into the left ventricle through the mitral valve
58
left ventricle holds .... ml
125
59
wall of left ventricle is ...to...times thicker than right
2-3
60
mitral valve cusps have ... and ... cusps of the AV valve
anterior and posterior
61
trabeculae carneae are
irregular muscular elevations on the inner wall of the ventricle
62
papillary muscles
only anterior and posterior
63
chordae tendineae
fibrous strands connecting papillary muscles to each cusp of the mitral valve
64
aortic valve allows blood to exit ...ventricle past the ...semilunar cusps of the aortic valve leading to the ....
left; 3; ascending aorta
65
function of papillary muscles and chordae tendineae attached to the AV valve cusps is to ...
contract during ventricular systole and prevent blood from regurgitating back into the atrial chambers.
66
papillary muscles may occasionally...which is due to...
rupture; heart attack complication
67
if one of the papillary muscles in the left ventricle ruptures, then the .... becomes incompetent and cardiac output is diminished thus fluid accumulates in the lung necessitating sleeping on ... due to pulmonary edema.
mitral valve; multiple pillows
68
What causes left ventricular hypertrophy?
chronic hypertension and aortic valve stenosis
69
....can cause blood regurgitation
aortic valve insufficiency
70
tricuspid valve contains...
anterior, posterior and septal cusps
71
tricuspid valve allows...
blood to flow from right atrium to right ventricle during diastole
72
tricuspid valve closes at the...
beginning of systole which is the S1 sound
73
mitral valve contains...
anterior and posterior cusps
74
mitral valve prolapse is when the valve ...into the left atrium when left ventricle contracts.
everts
75
pulmonary valve has ...,...and,,, cusps and sinuses. part of ...sound
right, left, anterior semilunar; S2
76
aortic valve has..., ... and ...semilunar cusps and sinuses
right, left and posterior
77
right and left coronary arteries open into ....and ....aortic sinuses
right and left
78
aorta ends up slightly ....and has a ...cusp
posterior
79
pulmonary trunk ends up ...and has an ...cusp
anterior
80
Both aortic and pulmonic valves have ...and ... cusps
left and right
81
First sounds (...) coincides with the closure of the.... valve at the start of systole.
S1 (lub); AV
82
second sound (...) is produced by the closure of the ... and .... valves at the end of systole.
S2 (dub); aortic and pulmonary
83
blood flow into the coronary arteries is greatest during...
diastole
84
the blood flow into coronary arteries optimizes blood flow when cardiac tissue is...
most capable of receiving blood
85
aortic sinus is the ....space above each valve cusp.
blood filled
86
most common congenital heart anomaly
bicuspid aortic valve
87
bicuspid valve is more likely to cause ....than a normal tricuspid aortic valve.
aortic valve stenosis
88
stenosis of the aortic valve often causes ...which long term can cause .....
excessive turbulence; ascending aortic aneurysmal
89
right coronary artery's origin
right aortic sinus
90
blood distribution from right coronary artery?
right atrium, SA and AV node, posterior portion of IV septum
91
artery to sinoatrial node's origin
right coronary artery
92
distribution of blood from artery to sinoatrial node?
SA node and pulmonary trunk
93
right marginal (acute marginal artery) origin
right coronary artery
94
right marginal or acute marginal artery's distribution of blood?
right ventricle and apex
95
posterior intervetnricular or posterior descending artery origin
right coronary artery
96
poster interventricular artery's distribution of blood?
right and left ventricles and IV septum
97
AV node origin
right coronary artery 80% of the time
98
AV node distribution of blood
AV node
99
left coronary artery origin
left aortic sinus
100
left coronary artery distribution of blood
left atrium and ventricle, IV septum, AV bundle and AV node (20% of the time)
101
artery to SA node (40% of pop) origin
left coronary artery
102
Artery to SA node's distribution of blood?
SA node and left atrium
103
anterior interventricular artery origin
left coronary artery
104
anterior interventricular artery distribution of blood
right and left ventricles and IV septum
105
LAD or lateral diagonal branch origin
off LAD
106
LAD distribution of blood
left ventricle on the anterior surface
107
circumflex artery origin
left coronary artery
108
circumflex distribution of blood?
left atrium and ventricle
109
left marginal or obtuse marginal origin
left circumflex
110
left marginal distribution of blood
left border of left ventricle
111
right coronary artery supplies
right atrium, most of right ventricle, diaphragmatic surface of left ventricle, posterior 1/3 of AV septum, SA node in 60% of people and AV node in 80% of people.
112
left coronary artery supplies
left atrium, most of left ventricle, anterior 2/3 of AV septum, SA node in 40% of people and AV node in 20% of people.
113
variations in arterial supply is all about which coronary artery supplies blood to the ....
posterior interventricular artery
114
right dominant distribution is...
70% of people and most common. It is posterior interventricular artery arising from the right coronary artery
115
left dominant distribution is...
10% of people and is present when circumflex branch of left coronary gives off the posterior interventricular artery
116
balanced distribution is...
20% of people and occurs when both right and left coronary arteries supply the posterior interventricular artery.
117
most common sites of blockage in coronary arteries
left anterior descending, base of right coronary, left circumflex branch
118
in coronary artery bypass surgery the distal end of the ... artery is attached to the existing coronary artery ...to the blockage.
internal thoracic or mammary; distal (down stream)
119
often the initial artery used is not long enough so they take ...artery from the arm and the .... vein from the leg.
radial, great saphenous
120
most of the blood passed through the coronary arteries and then the myocardium returns to the venous circulatory system at the right atrium through either the .... or by a pair of small .....
coronary sinus (most blood); anterior cardiac veins
121
most of the blood from coronary circulation returns to ... through either the .... or by a small pair of anterior cardiac veins.
right atrium; coronary sinus
122
coronary sinus is a direction continuation of the ....vein. It lies in ... part of coronary sulcus and opens into ....; it receives all cardiac veins except the ..and ....
great cardiac vein; posterior; right atrium; anterior cardiac veins; smallest cardiac veins
123
great cardiac vein lies beside ....artery.
anterior interventricular
124
middle cardiac vein lies alongside ....artery.
posterior interventricular
125
SA node lies in the .... at the superior end of the ... near the superior vena cava.
right atrial wall; sulcus terminalis
126
SA node possesses inherent rhythmicity, but rate of contraction increases when directly stimulated by ... nerves and decreases when stimulated by ... nerves.
sympathetic cardiac nerves; parasympathetic cardiac nerves
127
pacemakers can be a substitute of ...
SA, AV or atrioventricular bundle
128
when putting in a cardiac pacemaker, typically the ... vein is catheterized which leads to the ....vein which drains into the ...vein which drains into the superior vena cava and thus into the ...
cephalic, subclavian, brachiocephalic, right atrium
129
sympathetic innervation are the sensory input of ...
pain from ischemic heart conditions
130
which nerve innervates the heart
vagus
131
sympathetic nerves that innervate the heart have their cell bodies in sympathetic chain ganglia from ... to ...
C4-T5
132
afferent innervation to the heart returns to the CNS with sympathetic nerves accounts for referred pain from heart to upper thoracic wall and medial side of ....; pain may also be referred to ... or .... because of hearts early development in cardiogenic and neck regions.
left upper extremity; neck or right upper extremity
133
first sign of heart attack in males and females
chest
134
second sign in females which is different in males
nausea, light headedness and unusually tired
135
visceral afferent run with ... nerves not the vagus (parasympathetic) nerves
sympathetic
