Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OD2 (S1&2) > PHARM - Drugs Used to Treat Diabetes - Week 8 > Flashcards

PHARM - Drugs Used to Treat Diabetes - Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What cell is responsible for the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two cells are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas? What is the umbrella term for them and what do they secrete?

A

Islets of Langerhans
-Beta cells secrete insulin
-Alpha cells secrete glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe in 4 steps the physiological response to high blood glucose levels.

A

Elevated blood glucose levels
Insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas
Fat, muscle, and liver cells take in glucose from the blood
Normal blood glucose levels reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are glucose levels reduced in the cell (2)?

A

Conversion to glycogen and synthesis slowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe in 4 steps the physiological response to low blood glucose levels.

A

Decreased blood glucose levels
Glucagon is released by alpha cells in the pancreas
Liver cells release glucose into the blood
Normal blood glucose levels reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What two hormones are involved in increasing blood glucose levels?

A

Adrenaline and hydrocortisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What occurs as a result of the insulin signalling cascade?

A

Recruitment of GLUT4 transporter proteins to the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define type 1 diabetes in terms of insulin availability.

A

Absolute lack of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does type 1 diabetes usually occur (2)?

A

Juvenile onset typically <20 years
Viral initiated autoimmune destruction of islet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Consider viral-initiated type 1 diabetes. What are individuals with this predisposed to and why?

A

Ketoacidosis due to the breakdown of protein and fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 4 symptoms of type 1 diabetes.

A

Muscle cramps
Faintness
Cardiac arrythmia
Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define type 2 diabetes in terms of insulin availability.

A

Relative lack of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 2 possible mechanisms for type 2 diabetes and a cause if applicable.

A

Impaired secretion of insulin
Insulin resistance caused by impaired receptor function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name 3 possible causes of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged individuals.

A

Overweight/obese
Physically inactive
Family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the 1st and 2nd phase of responses to high blood glucose levels for insulin in normal, type 1, and type 2 individuals.

A

1st phase: release of stored insulin
2nd phase: continued release of stored and newly synthesised insulin
Normal - sharp rise in blood insulin levels, followed by a steady decline, followed by a a steady increase, then steady decrease.
Type 1 - flat line
Type 2 - steady increase only after a significant amount of time, followed by a steady decrease.
The peak for blood insulin levels in type 2 diabetes is significantly lower than that of of the initial increase in normal individuals.
The increase in type 2 matches the second increase in glucose in normal individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define diabetes mellitus.

A

The chronic disturbance of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism resulting from absolute or relative lack of insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Name 6 secondary complications associated with diabetes.

A

Hyperglycaemia
Polyuria
Atherosclerosis
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
Retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the four aims of diabetes therapy.

A

Glucose homeostasis (4-8mmol/L)
Restore metabolism
Relieve symptoms
Reduce long-term complications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 11 symptoms of diabetes.

A

Polyphagia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Blurred vision
Weight loss
Weakness
Dry itchy skin
Impaired wound healing
Dry mouth
Recurrent infections
Impotence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is mandatory in the treatment of diabetes? Describe three components to this.

A

Dietary and lifestyle modifications
-carbohydrate intake
-exercise
-stop smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name two treatment options for type 1 diabetes.

A

Insulin injection
Islet cell transplantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name a treatment option for type 2 diabetes.

A

Hypoglycaemic agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is insulin administered?

A

Subcutaneously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Name three sources for insulin.

A

Porcine, bovine, and human
Human using recombinant DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the standard for dosage on insulin for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (4)?

A

No standard
-depends on weight, diet, and exercise

26
Q

What is the aim of appropriate dosage for treating type 1 diabetes?

A

Avoiding hyperglycaemia

27
Q

How is blood glucose monitored (what molecule is measured)?

A

Levels of glycated haemoglobin

28
Q

Name three adverse effects of treating type 1 diabetes and what this condition is called.

A

Hypoglycaemia
-faintness
-sweating
-tremors

29
Q

Name four possible drug interactions when treating type 1 diabetes.

A

Beta blockers
Corticosteroids
Diuretics
Alcohol

30
Q

Consider type 2 diabetes caused by a relative lack of insulin. What kind of drug action is desirable to treat it? Give an example.

A

Drugs that stimulate the pancreas to release insulin
Sulphonylureas

31
Q

Consider type 2 diabetes caused by insulin resistance. What kind of drug action is desirable to treat it? Give two examples.

A

Drugs that sensitise the body to insulin and/or control hepatic glucose production
Biguanides
Thiazolidinediones

32
Q

What kind of drug action is desirable to treat type 2 diabetes by targeting glucose absorption? Give an example.

A

Drugs that slow the absorption of carbohydrates
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

33
Q

What kind of drug action is desirable to treat type 2 diabetes by targeting glucose reabsorption? give an example.

A

Drugs that increase excretion of glucose
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors

34
Q

What kind of drug action is desirable to treat type 2 diabetes by targeting incretins? give an example.

A

Drugs that regulate insulin and glucagon
Incretin mimetics and enhancers

35
Q

What drug class is the first-line treatment for diabetes type 2? Name an example.

A

Biguanides - metformin

36
Q

Name four mechanisms of action for metformin.

A

Increased insulin-mediated glucose uptake
Reduced hepatic glucose production
Decreased carbohydrate absorption
Reduced LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels

37
Q

How is metformin administered?

A

Orally

38
Q

How often is metformin administered typically?

A

Once a day

39
Q

Name four advarse effects of metformin.

A

Diarrhoea
Nausea
Abdominal discomfort
No weight gain with possible modest weight loss

40
Q

What can occur if metformin is improperly prescribed.

A

Lactic acidosis

41
Q

In patients with what 2 diseases is metformin contraindicated?

A

Renal and hepatic diseases

42
Q

What line of treatment are sulphonyureas?

A

First or second.

43
Q

Describe the mechanism of action for sulphonyureas (5).

A

Acts on B cells to stimulate insulin secretion
Binds Katp channel reducing K+ permeability and causing Ca2+ entry and insulin release.

44
Q

How are sulphonyireas administered? How often?

A

Orally once daily

45
Q

Do sulphonyureas cross the placenta and/or enter breast milk?

A

Yes to both

46
Q

How are sulphonyureas removed from the body?

A

Excreted via the kidney

47
Q

Name two adverse effects of sulphonyureas.

A

Hypoglycaemia
Weight gain

48
Q

Where in the kidney are sodium glucose cotransporter 2 proteins found? What percentage of glucose do they reabsorb?

A

Along the tubules following bowmans capsule. Reabsorb up to 90%, with the remaining taken care of by cotransporter 1.

49
Q

How are SGLT2 inhibitors administered, how often, and how are they removed?

A

Orally once daily
Excreted via kidney

50
Q

If something is administered once daily, what does that suggest about its half life?

A

Long half life

51
Q

Name 6 adverse effects of using SGLT2 inhibitors.

A

Genital infections
Polyuria
Dysuria
Modest weight loss
Urinary tract infections
Thirst

52
Q

Why should SGLT2 inhibitors be used with precaution in the elderly (3)?

A

It can cause volume depletion, hypotension, and fainting

53
Q

What effect do SGLT2 inhibitors have on loop diuretics and thiazides? What should be done as a result of this?

A

It can increase their effects. Precaution should be taken when co-administering these drugs.

54
Q

What effect do incretins have on the pancreas (3) and what receptor do they target?

A

Increases insulin secretion
Decreases glucagon secretion
Increases insulin biosynthesis

55
Q

What effect do incretins have on the liver?

A

Decreased glucose production

56
Q

What effect do incretins have on adipose and muscle tissue?

A

Increases glucose uptake/storage

57
Q

What effect do incretins have on the stomach?

A

Decreases gastric emptying

58
Q

What effect do incretins have on the brain (2)?

A

Increases neuroprotection
Decreases apetite

59
Q

How are glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists administered?

A

Subcutaeneous injection

60
Q

Name four mechanisms of action for GLP-1 receptor agonists.

A

Potentiates glucose mediated insulin secretion
Suppresses glucagon secretion
Slows gastric emptying
Loss of appetite

61
Q

What is the central action of GLP-1 receptor agonists?

A

Loss of appetite

62
Q

Name 7 adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists.

A

Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Weight loss
Antibody formation
Immune reactions
Pancreatitis

OD2 (S1&2) (174 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions