PHARM - Anti-Inflammatory Drugs I: The Arachidonic Acid Pathway and NSAIDS - Week 5 Flashcards
Describe two means of chemical signalling between cells and give examples for each (5).
Release of molecules by other cells
-neurotransmitters
-hormones
-local mediators
-exosomes
Membrane-bound molecules
-immune system
What are exosomes?
Extracellular vesicles
Name 5 kinds of important local mediators and their composition.
Histamines - small amine
Prostaglandins - lipid-derived
Leukotrienes - lipid-derived
Bradykinin - a peptide
Nitric oxide - a gas
In what two cells are histamines largely stored in and released from? Where are these cells found?
Mast cells
-found in tissue, particularly mucosal surfaces/skin
Basophils
-blood
What relation do enterochromaffin-like cells have with histamines?
They regulate stomach acid secretion using histamine
Describe the triple response of Lewis and what each one occurs due to.
Occurs due to the release of histamine
Reddening - due to capillary dilation
Flare - redness in the surrounding area due to arteriolar dilation
Wheal - due to exudation of fluid from capillaries and venules
List 7 biological effects of histamine.
Vasodilation - hypotension
Increased vascular leak - hypovolaemia
Bronchospasm
Pain/itch - sensory nerve activation
Mucus secretion
Increased wakefulness
Gastric acid secretion
How does histamine induce pain/itch?
Sensory nerve activation
List the four major histamine receptors.
H1, H2, H3, H4
What is the major histamine receptor for allergic inflammation? What drug class targets this receptor and in what way?
H1 receptor
Anti-histamines are antagonists to this receptor.
Name four conditions that anti-histamines are useful in treating.
Hayfever - allergic rhinitis
Urticaria
Anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Can anti-histamines be useful in treating colds or athsma?
No
Are H1 receptor antagonists reversible or irreversible?
List the three classes of this drug.
Sedative
Non-sedative
Newer non-sedative
Which class of anti-histamines lacks anti-muscarinic activity and what is a consequence of this?
Non-sedative - lacks GIT effects but can cause sudden ventricular arrhythmia (rare)
What can be said of the newer non-sedative class of anti-histamines?
Reduced risk of unwanted cardiac effects
What is the active constituent of aspirin? What is it derived from?
Salicylate - derived from willow bark.
Name three effects of salicylate.
Anti-pyretic (fever)
Analgaesic
Anti-inflammatory
How did prostaglandins get their name?
The active components were thought to be from the prostate gland and was first derived and isolated from semen ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
What do prostaglandins have structural similarity to?
Arachidonic acid
What defines an eicosanoid?
20 carbon containing compounds