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BOARDS specific notecards > pharm 1 liner- endocrine > Flashcards

pharm 1 liner- endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

recombinant growth hormone used in growth hormone deficiency

A

somatropin

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2
Q

somatostatin analog used for acromegaly, carcinoid, glucagonoma and other growth hormone producing pituitary tumors

A

octreotide

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3
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog used for infertility (agents with pulsatile admin), or uterine fibroids and endometriosis (antagonist with continuous admin to suppress gonadotropin production and down regulate GnRH receptor in pituitary)

A

leuprolide

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4
Q

competitive antagonists at gonadotropin releasing hormone receptors used to prevent LH surge during controlled ovarian hyper stimulation

A

ganirelix

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5
Q

Ergot dopamine agonist inhibits lactotroph cell growth and prolactin secretion that can be used to treat prolactinoma

A

bromocriptine

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6
Q

Synthetic human corticotropin used for diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency

A

cosyntropin

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7
Q

Agent used to stimulate uterine contraction and labor, milk letdowns, and control postpartum bleeding

A

oxytocin

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8
Q

Agent of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism

A

levothyroxine (T4)

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9
Q

Mechanism of Levothyroxine

A

L-isomer of T4

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10
Q

Adverse effects of Levothyroxine

A

palpitations, arythmies, excessive sweating, heat intolerance

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11
Q

An isomer of T3 which may be used in myxedema coma

A

liothyronine (T3)

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12
Q

Thioamide agents used in hyperthyroidism

A

methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU)

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13
Q

Thioamide extensively protein bound, less likely to cross placenta, inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 in high doses, and indicated for pregnant women in 1st trimester

A

propylthiouracil

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14
Q

Propylthiouracil (PTU) mechanism of action

A

inhibits thread peroxidase; blocks peripheral T4 to T3 conversion

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15
Q

A severe adverse effect of thioamide

A

agranulocytosis

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16
Q

Can be effective for short term therapy of thyroid storm, but after several weeks of therapy causes an exacerbation of hyperthyroidism

A

iodide salts (potassium iodide)

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17
Q

Permanently cures thyrotoxicosis, patients will need thyroid replacement therapy thereafter. Contraindicated in pregnancy

A

radioactive iodine

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18
Q

Used for the symptomatic treatment of thyrotoxicosis by blocking cardiac adverse effects as well as blocking peripheral T4 to T3 conversion

A

beta blockers such as propranolol and esmolol

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19
Q

Used for Addison’s disease, congenital adrenal hyperplasia inflammation, immune suppression, and asthma

A

glucocorticoids

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20
Q

Two short-acting glucocorticoids

A

hydrocortisone (cortisol), cortisone

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21
Q

Four intermediate-acting glucocorticoids

A

prednisone, predisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone

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22
Q

Two long-acting glucocorticoids

A

betamethasone, dexamethasone

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23
Q

Two glucocorticoids with mineralocorticoid action

A

fludrocortisone, deoxycortisterone

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24
Q

Side effects of corticosteroids

A

Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome, hyperglycemia, impaired wound healing, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers, myopathy, adrenal suppression (> 2 week treatment)

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25
Q

Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis

A

aminoglutethimide

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26
Q

antigfungal agent used to inhibit adrenal and gonadal sterior synthesis

A

ketoconazole

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27
Q

selective inhibitor of 11-hydroxylation and interferes with cortisol and corticosterone synthesis; used for adrenal function tests and is the only adrenal-inhibiting medication that can be admin to pregnant women with bushings syndrome

A

metyrapone

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28
Q

Progesterone receptor antagonist used to induce abortion blocks glucocorticoid receptor at higher concentration

A

mifepristone (RU486)

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29
Q

Three rapid-acting insulin used for postprandial glycemia

A

aspart, lidpro, glulisine

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30
Q

Short-acting insulin used intravenously for ketoacidosis

A

regular insulin

31
Q

Intermediate-acting insulin with variable pharmacokinetics; use is mostly replaced by long-acting insulin

A

neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin

32
Q

Two long-acting insulin preparations that provide basal glycemia control

A

glargine, determir

33
Q

Major side effect of insulin

A

insulin

34
Q

Insulin receptor has

A

tyrosine kinase activity

35
Q

first generation sulfonylurea that is relatively safe for elderly diabetics and patients with renal impairment due to its short half-life

A

tolbutamide

36
Q

First generation sulfonylurea contraindicated in elderly diabetics because of prolonged long half-life

A

chloropropamide

37
Q

Three second generation sulfonylureas

A

glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride

38
Q

mechanism of action of sulfonylureas

A

Close K+ channels in beta cell membrane, depolarize cell, open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, influx of Ca2+ release preformed insulin

39
Q

Side effect specific to first generation sulfonylureas

A

disulfiram-like reactions with alcohol use

40
Q

Second generation sulfonylureas is more potent than 1st generation and can eaily cause

A

hypoglycemia

41
Q

Both first and second generation of sulonylureas can cause

A

allergy (sulfa)

42
Q

How do Sulfonylureas affect body weight that is mediated by the insulin effects on adipose tissue

A

weight gain

43
Q

A meglitinide insulin secretagogue that has no sulfur in its structure and may be used in type 2 diabetics with sulfonylurea allergy

A

repaglinide

44
Q

A D-phenylalanine derivative insulin secretagogue that is useful for type 2 diabetics with very reduced renal function or elderly patients

A

nateglinide

45
Q

mechanism of action of repaglinide and nateglinide

A

Close K+ channels, depolarize cell, open voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, release preformed insulin

46
Q

First line drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

metformin

47
Q

Mechanism of action of metformin

A

gluconeogenesis, peripheral glucose uptake; increase insulin sensitivity

48
Q

Most serious side effect of metformin

A

lactic acidosis

49
Q

Metformin is contradindicated in

A

renal insufficiency

50
Q

The most common side effect of metformin is

A

GI distress/upset

51
Q

Two thiazolidinediones

A

pioglitazone, rosiglitazone

52
Q

Mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones

A

Activate PPAR-ɣ, ­ transcription of insulin-responsive genes, ­ GLUT4 glucose transporter, ­ insulin sensitivity

53
Q

Side effect of thiazolidinediones

A

Weight gain, edema, heart failure,macular edema, hepatotoxicity

54
Q

Two alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

acarbose, miglitol

55
Q

mechanism of a action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Act on intestinal brush boder α-glucosidase, delay digestion and absorption of glucose, ↓post-prandial blood glucose

56
Q

α-glucosidase inhibitors are contraindicated in

A

inflammatory bowel disease

57
Q

Side effect of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

flatulence, diarrhea, abdominal cramps

58
Q

Four glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs that increase insulin secretion and suppress postprandial glucagon release

A

eventide, liraglutide, albiglutide, dulaglutide

59
Q

The most common side effect of GLP-1 analogs

A

nausea, vomiting

60
Q

Three dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors that reduce breakdown of glucagon-like polypeptide-1, resulting in increased insulin secretion and suppress postprandial glucagon release

A

citagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin

61
Q

Oral antidiabetic drugs can increse the risk of UTI and respiratory infection

A

DPP-4 inhibitors

62
Q

Amylin analog that delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon release

A

pramlinitide

63
Q

Three sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors

A

canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin

64
Q

Mechanism of action of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors

A

inhibit SGLT2 and decrease glucose resorption in proximal collecting tubules

65
Q

Main side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors

A

glycosuria, genital infections, UTI

66
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors causes orthostatic hypothension due to

A

diuresis by glucose leading to dehydration

67
Q

bisphosphonates

A

alendronate and -dronates

68
Q

mechanism of action of bisphosphonates

A

inhibitors osteoclast activity and prevent bone resorption

69
Q

uses of bisphosphonates

A

osteoporosis, parents disease, hypercalcemia

70
Q

major side effects of bisphosphonates

A

corrosive esophagitis, osteonecrosis of jaw

71
Q

first generation bisphosphonate when used long term causes osteomalacia

A

etidronate

72
Q

may be used intranasal to decrease bone resorption

A

calcitonin (salmon prep)

73
Q

vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption (bone)

A

vitamin D

BOARDS specific notecards (42 decks)

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