Pathology of the Alimentary Tract I Flashcards
1
Q
What is the generalised look of the oral mucosa when it’s diseased?
A
- Pallor (anemia), yellow (icterus), dark foci
(haemorrhage), dark blue/purple (cyanosis)
2
Q
What is the name of the dark red/purple band that may appear on the peridontal gingiva?
e.g when there is endotoxaemia in horses
A
the toxic line
3
Q
What is Cheiloschisis (cleft lips)
A
The failure of the fusion of the upper lip along the midline or philtrum
4
Q
What is Palatoschisis? (cleft palate)
A
Failure of fusion of the palatine processes
usually genetic or toxic causes, can cause starvation
5
Q
What is a long/ short maxilla called?
A
- Long- prognathia superior
- Short- Brachygnatia superior
6
Q
What is a long, short and absent mandible called?
A
- long- prognathia inferior
- short- brachygnatia inferior
- absent- agnatia
7
Q
What is vesicular stomatitis?
A
fluid filled blisters that elevate the epithelium, they can rupture (present as an ulcer)
8
Q
What is erosive stomatitis?
A
superficial lesions that only result in minor loss of the superficial epithelial cells from the mucosa
9
Q
What is ulcerative stomatitis?
A
deep lesions, which lead to a complete loss of the epithelium with a bleeding mucosa
10
Q
What causes a thrush infection?
A
Candida sp.
11
Q
What four things can cause necrotising/ fibrinous stomatitis?
A
- Thrush in all species
- Proliferation of hyphae and yeast on the epithelial surface (hyperkeratosis?)
- Mouth rot in reptiles (pseudomonas…ranavirus…nidovirus…)
- Trichmoniasis in birds
12
Q
What is Fusobacterium necrophorum?
A
- Necrotising lesions in the oral cavity, pharynx, and
larynx of ruminants and pigs - “Necrobacillosis”, “calf diphtheria” (most common
in feedlots)
13
Q
What is the pathogenesis of Fusobacterium necrophorum?
A
- Caused by trauma to the oral mucosa or a viral infection
- Yellow-gray, surrounded by hyperaemic tissue, coagulation necrosis
- swollen cheeks- inappetence, pyrexia, halitosis
- can extend to the alimentary system and associated with lymphoid tissue
14
Q
What makes up the Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?
A
- Feline eosinophillic complex
- Eosinophillic plaque
- Indolent ulcer (rodent ulcer)
15
Q
What is the most likely cause of the feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?
A
Either primary eosinophillic dysfunction or allergic basis
16
Q
What atre the two forms of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis?
A
- Feline ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis or
lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis - Feline plasma cell gingivitis-pharyngitis or
feline chronic gingivostomatitis
17
Q
What is the pathogenesis of feline ulcerative stomatitis?
A
most likely immune mediated, maybe calcivirus
18
Q
What is the cause of deep stomatitides?
A
- Penetrating foreign bodies
- Infectious diseases following local trauma
19
Q
What three infectious diseases can cause deep stomatitides?
A
- Necrobacillosis
- Actinobacillosis
- Actinomycosis
20
Q
What is another name for actinomyces bovis?
A
Lumpy jaw
21
Q
How does lumpy jaw occur?
A
- agent penetrates through lesions in the oral cavity
- it invades the maxillary/mandibular bone and establishes an infection (osteomyelitis)
- it may be associated with concurrent stomatitis
22
Q
What is proliferative stomatitis characterised by?
A
- It is characterised by papular lesions (primarily poxviruses)
- either bovine paular stomatitis or orf
23
Q
What is gingival hyperplasia?
A
- Overgrowth of the gum tissue focally or multifocally secondary to periodontal disease
- Diffuse forms: Boxer dogs, dogs treated with cyclosporine
24
Q
What are some benign neoplasias of the oral cavity?
A
papillomas, Epulides
25
What are the malignant neoplasias of the oral cavity?
* Melanomas
* Squamous Cell Carcinomas
* Fibrosarcomas
26
What is an oral papilloma?
* Viral papillomas
* Caused by canine papillomavirus are common in young dogs
* Exophytic (grow outwardly) and are self-limiting
27
What are two types of epulide?
* Peripheral odontogenic fibroma
* Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
28
Where is the squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity primarily found?
* Malignant neoplasm
* Primarily on the ventrolateral
surface of the tongue (old
cats) and in the tonsils (dogs)
29
What describes the appearance of melanomas?
* Canine oral melanomas are highly malignant and often metastasize
* Some have a dark gross appearance, while others have very little melanin
(described as amelanotic)
30
What is a fibrosarcoma?
a neoplasia of the oral cavity
* Primarily found in cats but also occurs in dogs, especially larger breeds
31
What are some epithelial defects found on the tongue?
fissures, epitheliogenesis imperfecta, macroglossia, and hair growing from the tongue (choriostoma)
32
What is the cause of developmental abnormalities of the tongue?
unknown cause, sometimes occurs with other defects, or ingestion of unknown teratogenic substances
33
What bacteria causes 'wooden tongue'?
Actinobacillus lignieresii
34
What yeast causes thrush?
candida albicans
35
What are the predisposing factors for thrush?
antibiotic treatment, increase in serum glucose, immunosupression, catheters and endotracheal tubes
36
What causes uremic glossitis of the tongue?
ureamia due to renal failure
bilateral ulcerative glossitis
angiopathy and ulceration
37
What causes tonsilitis?
saliva and blood-borne agents e.g infectious canine hepatitis
or epithelial tumours
38
What is sialoadenitis?
inflammation of the salivary gland
39
What is Salivary mucocele (sialocele)?
* A rare condition in dogs
* causes an accumulation of saliva in tissue due to leakage from a salivary gland or duct
* soft, fluid-filled, painless swellings under the mandible, under the tongue, or in the upper neck area
40
What are the painless swellings under the tongue called?
ranulas
41
What are the two key points about neoplasia in the salivary glands?
* Usually Malignant (carcinomas)
* Uncommon
42
What is enamel hypoplasia?
* It occurs before eruption of the permanenet teeth (the damage to the enamel is permanent)
* Can be caused by canine distemper or bovine viral diarrhoea virus if its *infectious*
* if its *not infectious* it is caused by fluorosis
43
What do teeth infected by enamel hypoplasia look like?
affected teeth have pitted areas or light yellow to tan discolouration
44
What is the effect of tetracyclines on teeth?
they may discolour teeth if they are administered to growing puppies
45
What is step mouth and wave mouth in horses respectively?
* step mouth is when one cheek tooth is longer than the other
* wave mouth is when the bottom and top teeth connect with each other
46
What are some examples of abnormal teeth wear?
* Weight loss can lead to dental infection
* excessive wear (attrition)
* sharp points on the buccal aspect of upper teeth and the lingual aspect of lower teeth
47
What is teeth malocclusion?
Where the teeth fail to align properly
this can interfere with mastication
48
What is congenital porphyria?
* a defect in red blood cell production, results in the incorporation of porphyrins into dentin resulting in the pink discolouration of teeth
*
49
What causes bacterial diseases involving the tooth surface?
the development of supragingival and subgingival plaque
50
where is supragingival plaque located?
It is located on the exposed crown of the tooth
| it causes dental cavities
51
What does subgingival plaque cause?
periodontal disease/gingivitis.
52
What is dental calculus (tartar)?
mineralised supragingival and subgingival plaque
53
What does periodontal disease lead to
loss of teeth, osteomyelitis, of the alveolar bone, tooth rot abscesses
54
What is achalasia of the oesophagus?
* Motility disorder,
* lower crichopharyngeal sphincter dysfunction
* causes difficulty in swallowing, regurgitation and weight loss
55
What is megoeoseophagus?
* Dilation of the eosphagus because of insufficient, absent or uncoordinated peristalsis
56
What causes congenital megoesophagus?
Compression due to 'vascular ring' anomalies
57
What causes acquired megoesophagus
idiopathic or secondary to polymyositis
58
Name 6 things that can cause inflammation of the oesophagus?
* Viruses
* irritant chemicals
* reflux
* achalasia
* thrush
* parasitic esophagitis
59
Name 4 things that can cause parasitic esophagitis
* Spirocera lupi
* Gongylonema
* Sarcocytosis
* Gasterophilus
60
What is the clinical definition of 'choke'
clinical term referring to oesophageal obstruction subsequent to stenoses or blockage
61
What causes thrush?
Candida (proliferation of hyphae and yeast on the epithelial surface)
62
What is an epulide?
nonspecific term that denotes the growth of the gingiva
63
What is peripheral odontogenic fibroma?
* Common
* benign
* composed of a sparse population of spindle-shaped cells
64
What is acanthomatous ameloblastoma
* Highly invasive
* Composed of epithelial cells
65
What is a tongue choristoma?
hair growing from the tongue
66
What is sialoadenitis?
Inflammation of the salivary gland
