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VMS 2003 > Pathology of the Alimentary Tract I > Flashcards

Pathology of the Alimentary Tract I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the generalised look of the oral mucosa when it’s diseased?

A
  • Pallor (anemia), yellow (icterus), dark foci
    (haemorrhage), dark blue/purple (cyanosis)
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2
Q

What is the name of the dark red/purple band that may appear on the peridontal gingiva?

e.g when there is endotoxaemia in horses

A

the toxic line

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3
Q

What is Cheiloschisis (cleft lips)

A

The failure of the fusion of the upper lip along the midline or philtrum

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4
Q

What is Palatoschisis? (cleft palate)

A

Failure of fusion of the palatine processes

usually genetic or toxic causes, can cause starvation

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5
Q

What is a long/ short maxilla called?

A
  • Long- prognathia superior
  • Short- Brachygnatia superior
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6
Q

What is a long, short and absent mandible called?

A
  • long- prognathia inferior
  • short- brachygnatia inferior
  • absent- agnatia
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7
Q

What is vesicular stomatitis?

A

fluid filled blisters that elevate the epithelium, they can rupture (present as an ulcer)

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8
Q

What is erosive stomatitis?

A

superficial lesions that only result in minor loss of the superficial epithelial cells from the mucosa

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9
Q

What is ulcerative stomatitis?

A

deep lesions, which lead to a complete loss of the epithelium with a bleeding mucosa

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10
Q

What causes a thrush infection?

A

Candida sp.

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11
Q

What four things can cause necrotising/ fibrinous stomatitis?

A
  • Thrush in all species
  • Proliferation of hyphae and yeast on the epithelial surface (hyperkeratosis?)
  • Mouth rot in reptiles (pseudomonas…ranavirus…nidovirus…)
  • Trichmoniasis in birds
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12
Q

What is Fusobacterium necrophorum?

A
  • Necrotising lesions in the oral cavity, pharynx, and
    larynx of ruminants and pigs
  • “Necrobacillosis”, “calf diphtheria” (most common
    in feedlots)
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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Fusobacterium necrophorum?

A
  • Caused by trauma to the oral mucosa or a viral infection
  • Yellow-gray, surrounded by hyperaemic tissue, coagulation necrosis
  • swollen cheeks- inappetence, pyrexia, halitosis
  • can extend to the alimentary system and associated with lymphoid tissue
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14
Q

What makes up the Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A
  1. Feline eosinophillic complex
  2. Eosinophillic plaque
  3. Indolent ulcer (rodent ulcer)
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15
Q

What is the most likely cause of the feline eosinophilic granuloma complex?

A

Either primary eosinophillic dysfunction or allergic basis

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16
Q

What atre the two forms of lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis?

A
  • Feline ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis or
    lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis
  • Feline plasma cell gingivitis-pharyngitis or
    feline chronic gingivostomatitis
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17
Q

What is the pathogenesis of feline ulcerative stomatitis?

A

most likely immune mediated, maybe calcivirus

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18
Q

What is the cause of deep stomatitides?

A
  • Penetrating foreign bodies
  • Infectious diseases following local trauma
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19
Q

What three infectious diseases can cause deep stomatitides?

A
  • Necrobacillosis
  • Actinobacillosis
  • Actinomycosis
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20
Q

What is another name for actinomyces bovis?

A

Lumpy jaw

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21
Q

How does lumpy jaw occur?

A
  • agent penetrates through lesions in the oral cavity
  • it invades the maxillary/mandibular bone and establishes an infection (osteomyelitis)
  • it may be associated with concurrent stomatitis
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22
Q

What is proliferative stomatitis characterised by?

A
  • It is characterised by papular lesions (primarily poxviruses)
  • either bovine paular stomatitis or orf
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23
Q

What is gingival hyperplasia?

A
  • Overgrowth of the gum tissue focally or multifocally secondary to periodontal disease
  • Diffuse forms: Boxer dogs, dogs treated with cyclosporine
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24
Q

What are some benign neoplasias of the oral cavity?

A

papillomas, Epulides

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25
Q

What are the malignant neoplasias of the oral cavity?

A
  • Melanomas
  • Squamous Cell Carcinomas
  • Fibrosarcomas
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26
Q

What is an oral papilloma?

A
  • Viral papillomas
  • Caused by canine papillomavirus are common in young dogs
  • Exophytic (grow outwardly) and are self-limiting
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27
Q

What are two types of epulide?

A
  • Peripheral odontogenic fibroma
  • Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
28
Q

Where is the squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity primarily found?

A
  • Malignant neoplasm
  • Primarily on the ventrolateral
    surface of the tongue (old
    cats) and in the tonsils (dogs)
29
Q

What describes the appearance of melanomas?

A
  • Canine oral melanomas are highly malignant and often metastasize
  • Some have a dark gross appearance, while others have very little melanin
    (described as amelanotic)
30
Q

What is a fibrosarcoma?

A

a neoplasia of the oral cavity
* Primarily found in cats but also occurs in dogs, especially larger breeds

31
Q

What are some epithelial defects found on the tongue?

A

fissures, epitheliogenesis imperfecta, macroglossia, and hair growing from the tongue (choriostoma)

32
Q

What is the cause of developmental abnormalities of the tongue?

A

unknown cause, sometimes occurs with other defects, or ingestion of unknown teratogenic substances

33
Q

What bacteria causes ‘wooden tongue’?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresii

34
Q

What yeast causes thrush?

A

candida albicans

35
Q

What are the predisposing factors for thrush?

A

antibiotic treatment, increase in serum glucose, immunosupression, catheters and endotracheal tubes

36
Q

What causes uremic glossitis of the tongue?

A

ureamia due to renal failure
bilateral ulcerative glossitis
angiopathy and ulceration

37
Q

What causes tonsilitis?

A

saliva and blood-borne agents e.g infectious canine hepatitis
or epithelial tumours

38
Q

What is sialoadenitis?

A

inflammation of the salivary gland

39
Q

What is Salivary mucocele (sialocele)?

A
  • A rare condition in dogs
  • causes an accumulation of saliva in tissue due to leakage from a salivary gland or duct
  • soft, fluid-filled, painless swellings under the mandible, under the tongue, or in the upper neck area
40
Q

What are the painless swellings under the tongue called?

A

ranulas

41
Q

What are the two key points about neoplasia in the salivary glands?

A
  • Usually Malignant (carcinomas)
  • Uncommon
42
Q

What is enamel hypoplasia?

A
  • It occurs before eruption of the permanenet teeth (the damage to the enamel is permanent)
  • Can be caused by canine distemper or bovine viral diarrhoea virus if its infectious
  • if its not infectious it is caused by fluorosis
43
Q

What do teeth infected by enamel hypoplasia look like?

A

affected teeth have pitted areas or light yellow to tan discolouration

44
Q

What is the effect of tetracyclines on teeth?

A

they may discolour teeth if they are administered to growing puppies

45
Q

What is step mouth and wave mouth in horses respectively?

A
  • step mouth is when one cheek tooth is longer than the other
  • wave mouth is when the bottom and top teeth connect with each other
46
Q

What are some examples of abnormal teeth wear?

A
  • Weight loss can lead to dental infection
  • excessive wear (attrition)
  • sharp points on the buccal aspect of upper teeth and the lingual aspect of lower teeth
47
Q

What is teeth malocclusion?

A

Where the teeth fail to align properly
this can interfere with mastication

48
Q

What is congenital porphyria?

A
  • a defect in red blood cell production, results in the incorporation of porphyrins into dentin resulting in the pink discolouration of teeth
    *
49
Q

What causes bacterial diseases involving the tooth surface?

A

the development of supragingival and subgingival plaque

50
Q

where is supragingival plaque located?

A

It is located on the exposed crown of the tooth

it causes dental cavities

51
Q

What does subgingival plaque cause?

A

periodontal disease/gingivitis.

52
Q

What is dental calculus (tartar)?

A

mineralised supragingival and subgingival plaque

53
Q

What does periodontal disease lead to

A

loss of teeth, osteomyelitis, of the alveolar bone, tooth rot abscesses

54
Q

What is achalasia of the oesophagus?

A
  • Motility disorder,
  • lower crichopharyngeal sphincter dysfunction
  • causes difficulty in swallowing, regurgitation and weight loss
55
Q

What is megoeoseophagus?

A
  • Dilation of the eosphagus because of insufficient, absent or uncoordinated peristalsis
56
Q

What causes congenital megoesophagus?

A

Compression due to ‘vascular ring’ anomalies

57
Q

What causes acquired megoesophagus

A

idiopathic or secondary to polymyositis

58
Q

Name 6 things that can cause inflammation of the oesophagus?

A
  • Viruses
  • irritant chemicals
  • reflux
  • achalasia
  • thrush
  • parasitic esophagitis
59
Q

Name 4 things that can cause parasitic esophagitis

A
  • Spirocera lupi
  • Gongylonema
  • Sarcocytosis
  • Gasterophilus
60
Q

What is the clinical definition of ‘choke’

A

clinical term referring to oesophageal obstruction subsequent to stenoses or blockage

61
Q

What causes thrush?

A

Candida (proliferation of hyphae and yeast on the epithelial surface)

62
Q

What is an epulide?

A

nonspecific term that denotes the growth of the gingiva

63
Q

What is peripheral odontogenic fibroma?

A
  • Common
  • benign
  • composed of a sparse population of spindle-shaped cells
64
Q

What is acanthomatous ameloblastoma

A
  • Highly invasive
  • Composed of epithelial cells
65
Q

What is a tongue choristoma?

A

hair growing from the tongue

66
Q

What is sialoadenitis?

A

Inflammation of the salivary gland

VMS 2003 (33 decks)

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