Clostridia species associated with the GIT Flashcards

1
Q

How many species does the genus clostridium contain?

A

203 species

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2
Q

What are 6 common species of clostridium?

A

Perfringens, Tetani, Botulinum, Difficile, Novyi, Sordellii

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3
Q

What kind of bacteria is clostridia?

A
  • Gram positive, capsulated, anerobic, endospore producing rods
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4
Q

How may you culture clostridium using blood agar?

A

incubate anaerobically at 35-37 degrees for 40-48 hours

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5
Q

How may you culture clostridium using egg yolk agar?

A

incubate anaerobically at 35-37 degrees for 16-24 hours

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6
Q

How can you grow clostridium in cooked meat broth?

A

incubate anerobically at 35-37 degrees for 16-24 hours

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7
Q

What does c. chauveoi cause?

A

Black leg, in mainly cattle

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8
Q

What is braxy?

A

Acute disease of sheep caused by C. septicum and characterised by
inflammation of the abomasal wall and toxaemia.

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9
Q

What is considered to be one of the highest causes of sudden death in sheep and cattle?

A

Clostridial diseases

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10
Q

What does c.septicum cause?

A

braxy, malignant oedema and necrotic dermatitis

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11
Q

What can clostridium cause in wildlife?

A

Botulism, entertoxaemias, and sudden death

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12
Q

What is enterotoxaemia and what causes it?

A

acute and highly fatal intoxication primarily affecting sheep, lambs, calves, piglets
The disease is caused by the ingestion of C.perfringens and the subsequent production of enterotoxins

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13
Q

What is the alpha toxin in enterotoxaemia?

A

Lecthinase, this attacks cell membranes causing cell death and destruction

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14
Q

What is the epsilon toxin in entertoxaemia?

A

A protoxin that is activated in the intestines by proteases, this toxin increases gut permeability and damages vascular endothelium

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15
Q

What clostridium causes tetanus in horses?

A

Clostridium tetani

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16
Q

What clostridum species are associated with disease in pigs?

A
  • Enteritis is caused by C. perfringens
  • Sudden death can be caused by C. novyi (considered when sow mortality rises above 4%)
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17
Q

What does a clostridial disease look like in sows?

A

Sudden death, gangrene characterised by painful and discoloured swellings.
fluid and gas are also present in the tissues

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18
Q

What does a clostridial disease look like in piglets?

A
  • Rotten smelling watery diarrhoea
  • necrosis of the small intestine
  • High mortality
    *
19
Q

What does clostridial disease look like in weaners and growers?

A
  • Sudden death in growing pigs
  • Haemorrhage- faeces
  • Diarrhoea
  • painful and discoloured swellings
  • gangrene
20
Q

What is tyzzer disease?

A
  • Caused by clostridium piliforme
  • characterised by profuse watery diarrhoea
  • anorexia, diarrhoea, staining of hindquarters
  • acute outbreaks have an over 90% mortality
21
Q

What is mucoid enteropathy?

A

a distinct diarrhoeal disease of rabbits, characterised by minimal inflammation, hypersecretion and accumulation of mucous in the small and large intestines

22
Q

What causes necrotic enteritis in poultry?

A

Clostridium perfringens

23
Q

What causes botulism in poultry?

A

Clostridium
botulinum

24
Q

What kind of birds does necrotic enteritis effect?

A

chickens, turkeys, ducks and wild-birds

25
Q

What do the kidneys look like in birds with necrotic enteritis?

A

pale, prominent, lobular outlines

26
Q

What are some of the predisposing factors for avian necrotic enteritis?

A
  • Certain feeds
  • Coccidiosis
  • Viral infection
  • Husbandry practices
  • Potentially breed
27
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of avian necrotic enteritis?

A
  • acute- birds die without showing clinical signs
  • mild forms- birds huddle, have ruffled feathers and appear depressed
  • untreated, the disease lasts for two weeks
28
Q

Which clostridium member is not motile with petrichous flagella?

A

Clostridium perfringens

29
Q

What two exotoxins does clostridum tetani produce?

A

Tetanolysin and tetanospasmin

30
Q

What is the function of tetanolysin?

A

lysis of RBC’s

31
Q

What is the function of tetanospasmin?

A

neurotoxin

32
Q

What is the name of the lethal toxin produced by C.sordelli?

A

Beta-Toxin

33
Q

Name 4 ways you could culture clostridium

A
  1. Agar containing blood incubated anaerobically
  2. Egg yolk agar incubated anaerobically
  3. Robertsons cooked meat broth incubated anerobically
34
Q

What is braxy characterised by?

A

Inflammation of the abomasal wall and toxaemia

35
Q

What is clostridia associated with in wildlife?

A

Botulism, Enterotoxaemia, Sudden Death

36
Q

What is an alpha toxin?

A

Lecithinase- it attacks cell membranes causing cell death and destruction

37
Q

What is a beta toxin?

A

Lethal and necrotising

38
Q

What is an epsilon toxin?

A

Protoxin activated in the intestine by proteases, the toxin increases gut permeability and damages vascular endothelium

39
Q

What is an iota toxin?

A

A protoxin

40
Q

What is mucoid enteropathy?

A
  • Distinct diarrheal disease in rabbits
  • characterised by minimal inflammation
41
Q

What does necrotic enteritis cause?

A

Intestinal necrosis and cholangiohepatitis, kidneys often have pale, prominent, lobular outlines

42
Q

What are some ‘farm-level’ control measures for necrotic enteritis?

A
  • Biosecurity
  • Effective cleaning and disinfection
  • Effective pasture management
  • Surveillance
  • Removal of predisposing factors
43
Q

What are some ‘animal level’ control measures for necrotic enteritis?

A
  • Keep animals away from stagnating water
  • Ensure young animals receive colostrum
  • Avoid starchy feed
  • Avoid stress
  • Vaccination