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VMS 2003 > Parasitic Skin Diseases II > Flashcards

Parasitic Skin Diseases II Flashcards

1
Q

What is a simple/ incomplete insect lifecycle?

A

The nymph emerges from an egg and looks like an adult
It then grows and moults several times before becoming an adult

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1
Q

What are Insect bodies divided into?

A

Head, Thorax and the abdomen

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2
Q

What is an ‘instar’

A

The technical name for an insect lifecycle stage that follows a moult

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3
Q

What is a complex/ complete insect life cycle?

A

The larva emerges from the egg looking different to the adult, it feeds/ moults several times
The outer cuticle then hardens to form pupa and an adult emerges

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4
Q

What is the meaning of fleas being an ‘almost permanent’ parasite ?

A

Once they become adults they dont survive very long off of the host

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5
Q

What are the two most common types of fleas?

A
  • Ctenocephalides felis or cat flea
  • C.canis or dog flea
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6
Q

How does the flea lifecyccle go

A

Eggs -> Larvae -> Pupae -> Adult

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7
Q

How long do adult fleas live for?

A

7-10 days

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8
Q

What percentage of the total flea population is made up of adults?

A

around 5%

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9
Q

What can fleas cause?

A
  • Host itching/ Irritation
  • Skin lesions if they bite humans
  • Flea saliva can trigger allergic responses
  • Can cause Anemia in heavy infestations
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10
Q

How can you diagnose a flea infestation?

A
  • Clinical signs such as itching/ biting
  • ‘Flea Dirt’ Brown flecks which appear to melt into the background
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11
Q

What is the meaning of lice being permanent ectoparasites

A

They spend their entire life cycle on the same animal

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12
Q

What is pedicuolosis?

A

A lice Infestation

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13
Q

What are the two different types of lice?

A
  • Chewing Lice (Mallophaga)
  • Sucking lice (Anoplura)
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of chewing lice?

A
  • Yellow
  • Chewing mouthparts
  • Rounded head that is broader than the thorax
  • they tend to be mobile and easy to remove
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15
Q

What are the characteristics of sucking lice?

A
  • Tend to be either grey or red depending on how much blood they have taken
  • Piercing mouthparts
  • Pointed head that is narrower than the thorax
  • They tend to remain attached to the animal
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16
Q

Where are chewing lice or mallophaga usually found?

A
  • Usually found on mammals or birds
  • they eat skin surface debris, skin flakes, scabs, feathers
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17
Q

What are some key features of sucking lice?

A
  • They are only found on mammals
  • They have specialised mouthparts for piercing skin and feeding on blood/tissue fluids
  • They have larger claws than chewing lice
  • They dont really effect dogs or cats
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18
Q

What is another name for lice eggs?

A

Nits, they are cemented individually onto hairs

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19
Q

What three categories are flies split into?

A
  • Biting flies or blood feeders
  • Non-biting or nuisance flies
  • Myiasis causing flies
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20
Q

What is another name for horse flies?

A

Tabanids

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21
Q

What are three key features about the pathogenesis of horse flies?

A
  • Painful bites, that are irritating to the animal
  • They violently abrade the skin to create a pool of blood
  • They can also transmit a number of pathogens
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22
Q

What is another name for a stable fly?

A

Stomoxys calcitrans

23
Q

What are some key features of stable flies?

A
  • They attack most animals, including humans
  • They favour the legs/ lower body
  • The bites are very painful
  • They transmit diseases such as infectious equine anaemia
24
Q

What do midge bites lead to in horses?

A

‘sweet itch’ or hypersensitivity to bites

25
Q

What does sweet itch in horses therefore lead to?

A

Causes the horses to rub their manes, tails and undersides- leading to open sores

26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of mosquitos?

A
  • they are up to 1cm long
  • most active at night
  • they lay their eggs in water
    *
27
Q

What is the pathogenesis of sandflies?

A
  • They are smaller than mosquitos
  • Found in warm climates like the mediterranean
  • They lay eggs in holes/ crevices
  • can transmit leishmania (a protozoa) in dogs and humans
28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Tsetse fllies?

A
  • Biting flies
  • They are confined to central africa
  • they transmit animal trypanosomiasis and human sleeping sickness
29
Q

What is another name for sheep ked?

A

Melophagus ovinus

30
Q

What is the pathogenesis of sheep ked?

A
  • Wingless blood feeders,
  • Biting ‘flies’
  • Attaches to the host fleece and the entire lifecycle is on the animal
  • Transmitted to other hosts by close contact
  • causes itching, self-trauma via the host
31
Q

What are the two types of non-biting/ nuisance musca flies?

A
  • m.autumnalis (face fly)
  • m.domestica (house fly)
32
Q

What is the pathogenesis of musca flies?

A
  • Face flies swarm around the heads of cattle causing nuisance
  • both species reduce productivity
  • they can transmit pathogens, such as pinkeye
33
Q

What is another name for a head fly?

A

Hydrotea irritans

34
Q

What is the pathogenesis of head flies?

A
  • Mostly affects sheep in the UK
  • Attracted to the mouth, nose, ears and eyes- causes sheep to rub their heads
  • Flies can then feed off the wound exudates
  • implicated in the spread of bovine mastitis
35
Q

What are the three different forms of myiasis?

A
  • Cutaneous, e.g in blow flies
  • Nasal/ gastro-intestinal e.g Nasal bots or stomach bots
  • Somatic tissue, e.g the warble fly
36
Q

What is the pathogenesis of blowflies?

A
  • Lucilla spp
  • lay eggs around decaying matter such as faeces or urine
  • Larvae can liquidy hosts with proteolytic enzymes
  • Most optimal in humid conditions after rain
  • Sheep/Rabbits are the most vulnerable to strike
  • They are rapidly fatal to the host
37
Q

What is another word for nasal bots?

A

Oestrus ovis

38
Q

What is the pathogenesis of nasal bots?

A
  • The female squirts a jet of liquid containing larvae up the nose
  • The larvae can then migrate to the sinuses
  • They then enter the brain (ataxia and circling)
  • They are then sneezed onto the ground to become pupate (this is when an adult emerges)
39
Q

What is another name for stomach bots?

A

Gasterophilus intestinalis

40
Q

What is the pathogenesis of stomach bots?

A
  • Adults lay eggs on forelimbs or shoulders these are then licked by the animal
  • Larvae can then tunnel into the tongue/cheeks and enter the stomach
  • they then attach to the stomach lining
  • they have charcteristic red colour lining
  • they remain here for a year before they are passed out in the faeces
41
Q

What is another name for the warble fly?

A

Hypoderma bovis

42
Q

What is the ‘pupal window’

A

The time it takes for an adult to emerge from the cocoon

43
Q

What disease do fleas cause

A
  • Host itching/ Irritation
  • Flea saliva can trigger allergic responses
44
Q

How long is the total flea lifecycle?

A

3-4 weeks in the summer months

45
Q

What part of the flea in its lifecycle avoids light?

A

The larvae-> usually found in dark crevices and shadow-y places

46
Q

How long do adult fleas live for?

A

7-10 days

47
Q

What are horse flies also known as?

A

Biting flies

48
Q

What do horse flies do to the animal?

A

Painful bites which are irritating to the animal
They violently abrade the skin to create a pool of blood which they can then soak up
They also transmit a number of pathogens, Pasteurella, EIA, trypanosomes

49
Q

What is the pathogenesis of stable flies?

A
  • Attack most animals, including humans
  • Favours the legs and lower body
  • Bites are painful and can transmit diseases-> Trypanosomes
50
Q

What are the vectors for midges?

A

Bluetongue, Schmallenberg, African Horse Sickness Virus

51
Q

What do mosquitos transmit?

A
  • Equine Encephalitis
  • EIA
  • Dirofilaria
  • In humans = malaria, Dengue fever,
52
Q

Where do mosquitos lay their eggs?

A

In the water (aquatic larvae/ pupae)

53
Q

Where are sandflies usually found?

A

Found in warm climates e.g the mediterraenean
Eggs are laid in holes/ Crevices

54
Q
A

VMS 2003 (33 decks)

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