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VMS 2003 > Brachyspira Infection In animals > Flashcards

Brachyspira Infection In animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is BrachySpira?

A
  • Gram negative spiral shaped anaerobic bacteria
  • Implicated in a number of diseases in animals and humans
  • attached to host tissue using adhesins
  • Motile via flagella
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2
Q

What is the Brachyspira Culture?

A

Blood agar
-Culture at 37 Degrees, anaerobically for up to two weeks

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3
Q

What is the pathogenesis of brachyspira?

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide
  • Flagella
  • Outer Membrane Proteins
  • In multiples in the crypts of lieberkuhn
  • Causes necrosis and erosion of mucosa
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4
Q

What is intestinal spirochaetis?

A
  • Bacterial Intestinal Disease
  • Often observed just as birds are about to reach peak egg productivity
  • it leads to reduced productivity and in severe cases mortality and morbidity
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5
Q

What are some of the clinical manifestations of avian spirochaetosis?

A
  • Depression of egg production
  • Production of faecally stained eggs
  • Increased morbidity and mortality
  • Weak chicks
  • Increase in frothy droppings
  • Reduced carotenoid in eggs
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6
Q

In what poultry is brachyspira mostly a problem?

A

In layers (any poultry raised to produce eggs)

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7
Q

Why has the incidence of brachyspira increased in the UK?

A
  • Ban on the use of antimicrobials in feed in 2006
  • Increase in free range flocks
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Intensification
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8
Q

What is swine dysentry?

A

Severe inflammation of the large intestine with bloody mucous diarrohea
severe cases occur in sows and their suckling piglets

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9
Q

What is the incubation period for swine dysentry?

A

normally 7-14 days, but can be up to 60 days

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine dysentry?

A
  • Sloppy Diarrhoea
  • Twitching of the tail
  • hollowing of the flanks partial loss of appetite
  • slight reddening of the skin
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of swine dysentry as the disease progresses?

A
  • Blood may appear in the faces
  • rapid loss of condition
  • Dehydration
  • gaunt appearance with sunken eyes
  • sudden death
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12
Q

How may pigs become infected?

A
  • Ingestion of infected faeces
  • spread by carrier pigs that shed the organism in the faeces
  • Can enter farms via carrier pigs or infected equipment
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13
Q

What are some predisposing factors of swine dysentry

A
  • stress as a result from food change
  • Poor sanitation and wet pens
  • Overcrowding
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14
Q

How may you diagnose swine dysentry?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • post-mortem
  • lab tests of faecal smears
    *
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15
Q

Why has brachyspira become more common in pigs?

A
  • Ban on growth promotor antibiotics
  • Increase in outdoor rearing
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16
Q

What is intestinal spirochaetes?

A

A bacterial intestinal disease that mainly effects the caeca and colo-rectum

17
Q

How do poultry become infected by intestinal spirochaetesis?

A

Via the faecal-oral route

18
Q

What birds can be affected by intestinal spirochaetes?

A
  1. Poultry
  2. Breeders and chicks
  3. Geese, turkey, rheas
19
Q

What are some of the clinical manifestations of avian spirochaetesis?

A
  • Depression of egg production
  • Production of faecally stained eggs
  • reduced mean egg weight
  • increased morbidity/ mortality
  • changes in shell colour
  • weak chicks
20
Q

What clinical sign will effect around 5-25% of the flock?

A

Yellowish-brown intermitte chronic diarrhoea

21
Q

What does the histopathology of spirochaetes look like?

A

Moderate lymphohistiocytic infiltration
* Mild crypt hyperplasia with thickening of the
mucosa
* Accumulation of eosinophilic material in
crypts

22
Q

Why has the incidence of brachyspira in the UK increased?

A
  • Ban on the use of antimicrobials in feed in 2006
  • Increase in free range flocks
  • Intensification
23
Q

What does B. hyodysenteriae cause?

A

Swine dysentry

24
Q

What does B. hampsonii cause?

A

Severe diarrhoeal disease

25
Q

What does B. pilosicoli cause?

A

– Diarrhoeal disease

26
Q

What is swine dysentry?

A

Severe inflammation of the large intestine with a bloody mucous diarrhoea

27
Q

How long can brachyspira survive in the environment for?

A

up to 7 weeks in cold moist conditions

28
Q

What are the first clinical signs of swine dysentry?

A
  • Sloppy diarrhoea
  • twitching of the tail
  • partial loss of appetite
  • slight reddening of the skin
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of dysentry as the disease progresses?

A
  • Blood may appear in the faeces
  • rapid loss of condition
  • gaunt appearance with sunken eyes
  • sudden death can occur
30
Q

How do pigs get infected with swine dysentry?

A

Pigs become infected through the ingestion of infected faeces

31
Q

What are some of the predisposing factors for swine dysentry?

A
  • Stress resulting from change of feed.
  • Poor sanitation and wet pens.
  • Overcrowding.
32
Q

How can you diagnose swine dysentry?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Post-Mortem examinations
  • Lab tests on faecal smears
33
Q

What other diseases does swine dysentry have to be distinguished from?

A

Colitis, acute salmonella infections, heavy infections of whip worm

34
Q

Why has brachyspira become more common in pigs?

A

Ban on growth promoter antibiotics and an increase in outdoor rearing

35
Q

How can you control brachyspira in animals?

A
  • Education
  • Rapid diagnosis
  • Vaccination
  • Surveillance
  • using closed herds/ flocks
  • Biosecurity

VMS 2003 (33 decks)

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