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VMS 2003 > Foot And Mouth Disease > Flashcards

Foot And Mouth Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is Foot Mouth Disease?

A
  • Highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals
  • High morbidity but usually has a low mortality
  • Has a large social and economic impact
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1
Q

What is the pathogenesis of FMD virus?

A
  • Virus is introduced
  • The primary replication site is the epithelia of the nasopharynx
  • Viremia and dissemination to target the epithelial cells and replicate again
  • Gross lesions on areas subject to mechanical trauma or wear
  • Healing of lesions or recovery
    *
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2
Q

What is the etiology of the virus?

A

Single-Stranded, Positive Sense, Non-Enveloped RNA virus
It is highly resistant- preserved by refrigeration/ freezing with 7 major distinct serotypes

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3
Q

What are the 7 known serotypes of the virus?

A

A, O, C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, ASIA 1
With multiple subtypes, varying antigenicity, and degrees of virulence

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4
Q

What are the hosts for Foot and Mouth Disease?

A
  • Cloven-Hoofed animals
  • Both domesticated and Wild Species- e.g cattle, pigs, sheep buffalo, (and water buffalo)
    *
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5
Q

How is it transmissed directly?

A

inhalation of infected aerosols

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6
Q

How is it transmissed indirectly?

A
  • Susceptible animals with fomites
  • Ingestion
  • Consumption of untreated contaminated meat products
  • ingestion of contaminated milk
  • artifical insemination of semen
  • long distance airborne spread
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7
Q

How long can humans harbour FMD virus in their respiratory tract for?

A

24-48 hours

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8
Q

What are the three phases of FMD?

A
  1. Previremic phase (infection and replication at the primary replication site)
  2. Viremic phase (generalisation and vascularisation at secondary infection sites)
  3. Postviremia phase (resolution of clinical disease that may result in long-term persistent infection)
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9
Q

How is the virus excreted?

A
  • Usually has an incubation period of 1-14 days
  • The excretion begins before the appearance of any clinical signs
  • Present in fluid from ruptured vesicles and almost all secretions and excretions
  • large quantities of the virus are then released in expired air
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of FMD?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Anorexia/ Depression
  • Profuse salivation
  • Vesicles and ruptured lesions
  • Lameness
  • Sudden death in young animals
  • Recumbancy in pigs
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11
Q

In what animal is FMD the most severe?

A

Pigs

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12
Q

What do FMD lesions usually look like?

A

vesicles or blisters on the tongue, dental pad, gums, cheek, hard and soft palate, lips, muzzle…
Erosions on rumen pillars (noticeable during post-mortem)
Grey or Yellow Streaking in the heart

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13
Q

What are the four main differential diagnosis for FMD?

A
  • Vesicular stomatits
  • Swine vesicular disease
  • Vesicular exanthema of swine
  • Infection due to seneca virus A
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14
Q

What are the two samples you can take to help diagnose FMD?

A
  • Epithelium from an unruptured or recently ruptured vesicle or vesicular fluid
  • Blood and/or oesophageal/ pharyngeal fluid samples in ruminants or throat swabs from pigs
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15
Q

How can you diagnose FMD

A

On farm tests (penside) designed for control such as lateral flow tests

16
Q

What are the principles of FMD disease control?

A
  1. Identify the disease and prevent further production of the pathogen.
  2. Prevent further spread by tracing animals and fomites.
  3. Identify the source of the disease.
  4. Carry out surveillance, to confirm that spread has not occurred.
  5. Understand the outbreak and apply additional control measurements where relevant
17
Q

What are the ways we can control FMD?

A
  1. Early detection and prompt reporting of suspicion
  2. Containing disease at infected premises
  3. Limited the risk of spread
  4. Consider vaccination
18
Q

What are the three principle steps of biosecurity?

A
  1. Physical segregation
  2. Cleaning
  3. Disinfection
19
Q

What are the two different types of FMD vaccinations?

A
  • Standard Potency Vaccines (for commercial use)
  • Higher potency vaccines (for emergency use)
20
Q

How long do humans harbour FMDV in their respiratory tract for?

A

24-48 hours

21
Q

How is the FMDV excreted?

A
  • Present in fluid from ruptured vesicles and almost all secretions and excretions
  • large quantities of the virus is released in expired air
22
Q

How much virus can an infectious ruminant release?

A

max of 120,000 infectious doses a day

23
Q

How much virus can an infectious pig release?

A

400 million infectious doses per day

24
Q

Where are FMD lesions usually found?

A
  • Vesicles or blisters on the tongue
25
Q

What occurs on the myocardium of young animals with FMD?

A

Grey or yellow streaking in the heart from degeneration and necrosis of the myocardium

26
Q

What are the 4 indistinguishable differentials for FMDV?

A
  • Vesicular stomatitis
  • Swine Vesicular disease
  • Vesicular exanthema of swine
  • Seneca A virus
27
Q

What samples can you take to help diagnose FMD?

A
  • Epithelium from a ruptured/ recently ruptured vesicle
28
Q
A

VMS 2003 (33 decks)

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