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VMS 2003 > Parasitic Gut diseases II > Flashcards

Parasitic Gut diseases II Flashcards

1
Q

What is toxocara spp. ?

A
  • Large white round worms, 7-18 cm in length
  • Adults in small intestine
  • Three main species:
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2
Q

What are the three main species of toxocara?

A

Toxocara canis – dog
» Toxocara cati (or mystax) – cat
» Toxascaris leonina – fox

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3
Q

What are the two definitions of a paratenic host?

A
  1. Host in which no development of the parasite occurs
  2. Hosts which are not neccesary for the parasites life cycle but can act as a reservoir of infection
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4
Q

What are the differences between T.Cati and T.leonina

A

T.Cati is-
* has paratenic hosts (rodents, earthworms, birds etc.)
* Migratory if eggs ingested, non-migratory after TM infection or paratenic host ingestion
* Eggs hatch in the stomach then migrate via the liver, lungs, trachea and back to the stomach
* no prenatal infection

T.leonina
* has no migration of larvae
* following ingestion, larvae enter the intestinal wall and remain there for two weeks

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5
Q

What are the clinical consequences of Toxicara?

A

All species
* Mild to moderate infections – no clinical signs
* May be potbelly, failure to thrive, vomiting,
diarrhoea, particularly in puppies & kittens
* Due to absorption of nutrients & damage to
the intestine lining
* Obstruction of intestinal lumen or
intussusception

T.canis -> causes larval discharge

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6
Q

Where can toxicara eggs be found?

A

in the faeces

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7
Q

What is the difference between the eggs of T.canis and T. leonina?

A

Small finger-like process on the tail of male T. canis but not Tx. leonina

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8
Q

What is the epidemiology of toxicara?

A

Very widespread due to
* female worms being fecund (producing a lot of offspring)
* larvae in the tissue of bitches is not susceptible to antithelmintics
* The eggs are resistant to climatic extremes

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9
Q

What is the epidemiology of T.cati?

A
  • Reservoir – larvae in tissue of dam & in paratenic hosts
  • Patent infections more common in young cats
  • Prevalence 10-20% in adult cats – continued shedding through life of cat
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10
Q

What is the epidemiology of Tx. leonina?

A
  • Infection mainly through eggs, but can occur
    » through paratenic hosts
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11
Q

What are the four clinical conditions found in humans with toxocara?

mainly in children

A

1) Visceral larval migrans
2) Ocular toxocariasis – visual impairment
3) Covert toxocariasis
4) Cerebral toxocariasis

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12
Q

How long are hookworms and where can they be found?

A

Up to 20 mm long and the adults are found in the small intestine

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13
Q

What are the hookworm species that can infect dogs and cats?

A

Uncinaria stenocephala (temperate regions)
A. braziliense (tropical & subtopical regions)

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14
Q

What are the clinical consequences of hookworms?

A
  • Diarrhoea, weight loss and anaemia, may be acute or chronic signs
  • Ancylostoma caninum more serious
  • Disease most common in younger animals
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15
Q

What are the most common hookworm species in the UK?

A

Uncinaria stenocephala & A. tubaeforme

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16
Q

What kind of animal is most affected by hookworms?

A

Young animals most affected, adults pass eggs in faeces

17
Q

What is the diagnosis for hookworms?

A

clinical signs, haematology, coproantigen tests, hookworm
eggs in faeces (in pups may be severe signs before eggs in faeces)

18
Q

What are hookworms in humans associated with?

A

Poor sanitation and hygeine

19
Q

What are the symptoms of hookworms in humans?

A

Anaemia, abdominal pain, wasting & stunting in children

20
Q

What canine and feline hookworm can infect humans?

A

A. braziliense

21
Q

What hookworm species are common in asia?

A

A. ceylanicum and A.
caninum

22
Q

What is the pathogenesis of dipylidium caninum?

A
  • they are adult worms and non-pathogenic
  • shed segments may cause anal discomfort and itching
23
Q

What is the diagnosis for dipylidium caninum?

A

presence of segment (proglottid) on coat around peritoneum,
can break open & see egg packets under a microscope

24
Q

What does dipylidium caninum require for transmission?

A

Requires the presesnce of adult fleas or biting lice

25
Q

How would you diagnose taenia in dogs and cats?

A

The infections are generally asymptomatic
Heavy infection is a sign of gut problems
The diagnosis is- presence of tapeworm segments in perianal
area or proglottids, or eggs in faece

26
Q

What kind of parasite is echinococcus?

A

a cestode parasite

27
Q

What are the two main species of echinococcus?

A

Echinococcus granulosus
and E. multilocularis (subartic)

28
Q

What is the diagnosis of eccinococus in definitive hosts?

A
  • Observe adult worms on necropsy
    • Copro-antigen ELISA
  • Copro-PCR
29
Q

How can you control toxocara and hookworm?

A
  • You cant eliminate infection only reduce the burden and prevent transmission to people
  • de-worming of pets
  • pick up dog faeces
30
Q

What are three ways you can control fleas and Dipylidium caninum

A
  • Adulticide
  • Environmental control
  • cleaning the environment
31
Q

How can you control echinococcus?

A
  • Regular treatment (praziquantel) in endemic areas
  • Deworming frequency dependent on hunting/feeding
    habits
  • Found at meat inspection in abattoirs - risk based
    assessment
  • Prevention of access to offal/carcasses
32
Q

What is the typical toxicara lifecycle for a dog under 5 weeks?

A
  • eggs are ingested in the environment
  • larvae are released in the intestine
  • eggs are then passed on in the faeces
  • the PPP= 4-5 weeks
33
Q

What is the typical toxicara lifecyle for a dog over 5 weeks? (not pregnant)

A
  • When the larvae are released into the intestine they can then migrate to other tissues (formation of tissue cysts)
34
Q

What is the typical toxicara lifecyle for a dog over 5 weeks? (pregnant)

A

Tissue cysts can be reactivated
* This means that puppies can become infected (milk -> puppy)

35
Q

What is a proglottid?

A

The segment of an adult tapeworm, each one contains a sexually mature system

36
Q

What are the 5 responsible uses of parsiticdes in dogs and cats?

A
  1. Work with clients to prevent and check for parasites
  2. Understand the potential risks to animals and humans
  3. Take a risk-based approach to prescribing medication
  4. Ensure appropriate use
  5. Record and Monitor use

VMS 2003 (33 decks)

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