Pathology of Heart and Blood Vessels

Question 1

Aneurysm is usually an

Answer 1

artery

Question 2

Common sites for aneurysm are

Answer 2

thoracic and abdominal aorta
vessels in brain

Question 3

Causes of aneurysms can be

Answer 3

chronic HTN, connective tissue disease, trauma, infection

Question 4

Aortic aneurysms are usually asymptomatic but can include..

Answer 4

generalized abdominal and/or LBP

Question 5

Abdominal aortic aneurysms can cause

Answer 5

pulsations near navel

Question 6

Cerebral aneurysm can cause sudden

Answer 6

and severe HA, N/V, stiff neck, seizure, loss of consciousness and double vision

Question 7

Prinzmetal angina

Answer 7

occurs due to coronary artery spasm

Question 8

S/s of angina

Answer 8

pressure, heaviness, fullness, squeezing, burning or aching behind sternum.
Can also be felt behind neck and back, jaw, shoulders, and arms.
Associated with difficulty breathing, N/V, sweating, anxiety and/or fear

Question 9

In atherosclerosis, when coronary arteries are affected, what may result?
When cerebral arteries are affected, what may result?
When peripheral arteries are effected, what may result?

Answer 9

angina pectoris
N/T, weakness of arms and legs, slurred speech, or drooping face.
intermittent claudication

Question 10

In dilated cardiomyopathy, what is often needed?
Hypertrophic?
Resrictive?

Answer 10

pacemaker or implanted defibrillator
medications to slow HR and stabilize rhythm
heart transplant in severe cases

Question 11

Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by?

Answer 11

veins remaining filled with blood due to weak or damaged valves inside veins

Question 12

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Answer 12

hole between R and L atria called a shunt if persists

Question 13

Coarctation of aorta

Answer 13

congenital defect where the aorta is narrowed near ductus arteriousus
usually occurs with other defects, could not be detected until adulthood.

Question 14

S/s of coarctation of aorta

Answer 14

HBP in arms but L blood pressure in legs

Question 15

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Answer 15

ductus arteriosus (normally shunts blood from pulmonary artery directly to descending aorta in utero) does not close after birth.

Question 16

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Answer 16

hold in septum separating R and L ventricles
too large of a hole and the blood will be pumped into lungs leading to HF

Question 17

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer 17

combo of 4 heart defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, R ventricular hypertrophy, aorta overriding VSD
diagnosed in infancy but may not be detected until later in life.
only effective treatment is surgery

Question 18

Cor Pulmonale

Answer 18

pulmonary heart disease
happens there is hypertrophy of RV caused by altered structure or function of lungs.

Question 19

Cause of cor pulmonale

Answer 19

pulmonary HTN from chronically increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation

Question 20

Cardinal symptom of cor pulmonale

Answer 20

progressive SOB especially with exertion

Question 21

Supplemental O2 for Cor pulmonale

Answer 21

> 90% SaO2 and/or PaO2 >60 mmHg

Question 22

CAD is the diminished blood flow that may cause angina, SOB etc which may not be felt until ___% occluded. Complete blockage causes..

Answer 22

70
heart attack

Question 23

Clinical prediction rules for DVT:

Answer 23

active cancer or previous 6 months
paralysis, paresis or immobilization of LE
bedridden >3 days or major surgery in last 12 weeks
Localized tenderness on posterior calf, popliteal space, femoral vein
entire LE swelling
unilateral calf swelling >3 cm
Unilateral pitting edema
previous DVT

Question 24

Scoring on clinical prediction rules for DVT:

Answer 24

<1 point =low risk
1-2 points=moderate risk
>2 points=high risk

new scoring:
>1 likely
<1 unlikely

Question 25

HF typically begins from which ventricle?

Answer 25

LV

Question 26

Congestive HF comes from

Answer 26

blood backing up in liver, abdomen, LE and lungs

Question 27

Signs and symptoms of CHF

Answer 27

S3 or S4 sound

Question 28

Innocent heart murmurs

Answer 28

when blood flows rapidly through heart due to activity, pregnancy, fever, and anemia.
not associated with other issues

Question 29

HTN s/s

Answer 29

S4 sound early
severe HTN can cause CNS symptoms like confusion, cortical blindness and hemiparesis, seizures. And renal involvement

Question 30

Normal HTN

Answer 30

<120 and <80

Question 31

Elevated HTN

Answer 31

120-129 and <80

Question 32

Stage 1 HTN

Answer 32

130-139 or 80-89

Question 33

Stage 2 HTN

Answer 33

at least 140 or at least 90

Question 34

MI causes

Answer 34

irreversible necrosis

Question 35

Uncommon cause of MI

Answer 35

spasm of coronary artery

Question 36

Myocarditis can lead to symptoms of

Answer 36

HF

Question 37

In pericarditis, amount of fluid between two layers increases it can cause

Answer 37

pleural effusion

Question 38

In pericarditis, more intense treatment may be needed to prevent complications like

Answer 38

cardiac tamponade

Question 39

Cardiac tamponade

Answer 39

fluid in pericardium creates pressure on heart, preventing heart from properly filling with blood. This means less blood leaves the heart and that will cause a sharp decrease in BP
can be fatal

Question 40

Heart attack signs to be aware of

Answer 40

discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away but comes back.
Pain or discomfort in one or both UE, back, neck, jaw or stomach.
SOB with or without chest discomfort.
Breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness

Question 41

Women’s heart attack signs

Answer 41

SOB, N/V, back or jaw pain

Question 42

Pts should not wait more than ___ minutes to call 911 or EMS with symptoms of heart attack.

Answer 42

5 min

Question 43

Peripheral arterial disease includes

Answer 43

stenotic
occlusive
aneurysmal diseases of aorta and peripheral arteries

Question 44

Peripheral arterial disease primarily caused by

Answer 44

atherosclerosis and thromboembolic processes that alter the structure and function of the aorta and its branches.

Question 45

S/s of peripheral arterial disease

Answer 45

fatigue, aching, numbness or pain primarily in buttocks, thigh, calf, or foot at rest or when walking
poorly healing wounds of legs or feet
distal hair loss
trophic skin changes
hypertrophic nails

Question 46

Supervised exercise for peripheral arterial disease

Answer 46

30-45 min at least 3x/week for 12 weeks

Question 47

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 47

inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of untreated or poorly treated strep throat.
Cand damage heart valves and cause heart failure.
Inflammation of heart, joints, skin or CNS which may include red, swollen, fever, painful joints, heart palpitations, SOB, skin rash.

Question 48

Valvular Heart disease

Answer 48

regurgitation or stenosis of blood flow