Pathology of Heart and Blood Vessels Flashcards
Aneurysm is usually an
artery
Common sites for aneurysm are
thoracic and abdominal aorta
vessels in brain
Causes of aneurysms can be
chronic HTN, connective tissue disease, trauma, infection
Aortic aneurysms are usually asymptomatic but can include..
generalized abdominal and/or LBP
Abdominal aortic aneurysms can cause
pulsations near navel
Cerebral aneurysm can cause sudden
and severe HA, N/V, stiff neck, seizure, loss of consciousness and double vision
Prinzmetal angina
occurs due to coronary artery spasm
S/s of angina
pressure, heaviness, fullness, squeezing, burning or aching behind sternum.
Can also be felt behind neck and back, jaw, shoulders, and arms.
Associated with difficulty breathing, N/V, sweating, anxiety and/or fear
In atherosclerosis, when coronary arteries are affected, what may result?
When cerebral arteries are affected, what may result?
When peripheral arteries are effected, what may result?
angina pectoris
N/T, weakness of arms and legs, slurred speech, or drooping face.
intermittent claudication
In dilated cardiomyopathy, what is often needed?
Hypertrophic?
Resrictive?
pacemaker or implanted defibrillator
medications to slow HR and stabilize rhythm
heart transplant in severe cases
Chronic venous insufficiency is characterized by?
veins remaining filled with blood due to weak or damaged valves inside veins
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
hole between R and L atria called a shunt if persists
Coarctation of aorta
congenital defect where the aorta is narrowed near ductus arteriousus
usually occurs with other defects, could not be detected until adulthood.
S/s of coarctation of aorta
HBP in arms but L blood pressure in legs
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
ductus arteriosus (normally shunts blood from pulmonary artery directly to descending aorta in utero) does not close after birth.
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
hold in septum separating R and L ventricles
too large of a hole and the blood will be pumped into lungs leading to HF
Tetralogy of Fallot
combo of 4 heart defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, R ventricular hypertrophy, aorta overriding VSD
diagnosed in infancy but may not be detected until later in life.
only effective treatment is surgery
Cor Pulmonale
pulmonary heart disease
happens there is hypertrophy of RV caused by altered structure or function of lungs.
Cause of cor pulmonale
pulmonary HTN from chronically increased resistance in the pulmonary circulation
Cardinal symptom of cor pulmonale
progressive SOB especially with exertion
Supplemental O2 for Cor pulmonale
> 90% SaO2 and/or PaO2 >60 mmHg
CAD is the diminished blood flow that may cause angina, SOB etc which may not be felt until ___% occluded. Complete blockage causes..
70
heart attack
Clinical prediction rules for DVT:
active cancer or previous 6 months
paralysis, paresis or immobilization of LE
bedridden >3 days or major surgery in last 12 weeks
Localized tenderness on posterior calf, popliteal space, femoral vein
entire LE swelling
unilateral calf swelling >3 cm
Unilateral pitting edema
previous DVT
Scoring on clinical prediction rules for DVT:
<1 point =low risk
1-2 points=moderate risk
>2 points=high risk
new scoring:
>1 likely
<1 unlikely
HF typically begins from which ventricle?
LV
Congestive HF comes from
blood backing up in liver, abdomen, LE and lungs
Signs and symptoms of CHF
S3 or S4 sound
Innocent heart murmurs
when blood flows rapidly through heart due to activity, pregnancy, fever, and anemia.
not associated with other issues
HTN s/s
S4 sound early
severe HTN can cause CNS symptoms like confusion, cortical blindness and hemiparesis, seizures. And renal involvement
Normal HTN
<120 and <80
Elevated HTN
120-129 and <80
Stage 1 HTN
130-139 or 80-89
Stage 2 HTN
at least 140 or at least 90
MI causes
irreversible necrosis
Uncommon cause of MI
spasm of coronary artery
Myocarditis can lead to symptoms of
HF
In pericarditis, amount of fluid between two layers increases it can cause
pleural effusion
In pericarditis, more intense treatment may be needed to prevent complications like
cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade
fluid in pericardium creates pressure on heart, preventing heart from properly filling with blood. This means less blood leaves the heart and that will cause a sharp decrease in BP
can be fatal
Heart attack signs to be aware of
discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts more than a few minutes, or that goes away but comes back.
Pain or discomfort in one or both UE, back, neck, jaw or stomach.
SOB with or without chest discomfort.
Breaking out in a cold sweat, nausea or lightheadedness
Women’s heart attack signs
SOB, N/V, back or jaw pain
Pts should not wait more than ___ minutes to call 911 or EMS with symptoms of heart attack.
5 min
Peripheral arterial disease includes
stenotic
occlusive
aneurysmal diseases of aorta and peripheral arteries
Peripheral arterial disease primarily caused by
atherosclerosis and thromboembolic processes that alter the structure and function of the aorta and its branches.
S/s of peripheral arterial disease
fatigue, aching, numbness or pain primarily in buttocks, thigh, calf, or foot at rest or when walking
poorly healing wounds of legs or feet
distal hair loss
trophic skin changes
hypertrophic nails
Supervised exercise for peripheral arterial disease
30-45 min at least 3x/week for 12 weeks
Rheumatic Fever
inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of untreated or poorly treated strep throat.
Cand damage heart valves and cause heart failure.
Inflammation of heart, joints, skin or CNS which may include red, swollen, fever, painful joints, heart palpitations, SOB, skin rash.
Valvular Heart disease
regurgitation or stenosis of blood flow
