Neuro Weak Points Flashcards
gray matter
unmyelinated neurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies and dendrites
white matter
myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites
white matter of the spinal cord is divided into three funiculi:
anterior, lateral, and dorsal columns
Anterior root for spinal nerves is…
efferent (motor)
Efferent means
away from CNS (motor)
Dorsal root for spinal nerves is…
afferent (sensory)
Afferent means
sending info to the CNS (sensory)
Sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are included in what system?
autonomic nervous system
Autonomic nervous systems contains parts of what two systems?
CNS and peripheral nervous system
Autonomic nervous system is concerned with innervation for what kinds of processes
involuntary, glands, internal organs, and smooth muscle
Somatic nervous system includes
peripheral and motor nerve fibers
Somatic motor neurons travel directly to
skeletal muscle without intervening synapses
Somatic nervous system controls..
voluntary movements and provides the ability to sense touch, smell, sight, taste and sound
All ___ are influenced by somatic nervous system
five senses
Limbic system incorporates
olfactory tract, thalamic nuclei, amygdala and others
Limbic system is involved in the control and expression of
mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, emotional responses to food
Lesions in the limbic system can also result in a variety of behavior…
aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior and changes in motivation
The autonomic system influences all….
internal organs, blood vessels, pupils and muscles of the eye, sweat and salivary, and digestive glands to regulate homeostasis.
ANS also controls
BP, heart and breathing rates, body temp, digestion, metabolism, electrolyte balance, production of saliva, sweat and tears, urination, defecation, sexual response, and other bodily processes.
ANS can affect any
body part or process
ANS disorders include
constipation, ED, Horner’s syndrome, vasovagal syndrome, orthostatic hypotension, POTS
Telencephalon (part of forebrain) is the
largest division of the brain
Telencephalon (part of forebrain) consists of the…
cerebrum (cerebral cortex), hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala
Cerebrum consists of
two hemispheres
Cerebrum is joined at the bottom by white matter called…
corpus callosum
What does the corpus callosum do?
relays information from one side of the brain to the other
Outer surface of the cerebrum is ___matter
gray
Left brain is involved in
language
sequencing and performing movements
understanding language
producing written and spoken language
analytical
controlled
logical
rational
math calculations
expresses positive emotions like love and happiness
processes verbally coded information into organized, logical and sequential manner
Right brain is involved in…
nonverbal processing
processes information in a holistic manner
artistic
general concept comprehension
hand-eye coordination
spatial relationships
kinesthetic awareness
understand music
understand nonverbal communication
math reasoning
expresses negative emotions
body image awareness
Functions of the frontal lobe
voluntary movement, intellect and orientation
Broca’s area (left hemisphere)-speech and concentration
personality, temper, judgment, reasoning, behavior, self-awareness, executive functions.
When there is impairment of the frontal lobe what are the signs?
contralateral weakness
perseveration, inattention
personality changes, antisocial behavior
impaired concentration, apathy
Broca’s aphasia (expressive deficits)
delayed or poor initiation
emotional lability
Functions of the parietal lobe
associated with sensation of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration and temperature.
receives information from other areas of the brain regarding hearing, vision, motor sensory and memory.
provides meaning for objects
interprets language and words
spatial and visual perception
When there is impairment to the parietal lobe what happens?
dominant hemisphere damage (left): agraphia, alexia, agnosia
non-dominant hemisphere damage (right): dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia.
contralateral sensory deficits
impaired language comprehension
impaired taste
Functions of the temporal lobe…
primary auditory processing and olfaction
Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere): ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language.
rear of the temporal lob enables humans to interpret other people’s emotions and reactions.
When temporal lobe is impaired….
learning deficits
Wernicke’s aphasia
antisocial, aggressive behavior
difficulty with facial recognition
difficulty with memory
inability to categorize objects
Occipital lobe functions
main processing center for visual information
processes visual information regarding colors, light and shapes
judgment of distance, seeing in 3-D
impairment of occipital lobe
homonymous hemianopsia
impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits
impaired color recognition
reading and writing impairment
cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
Perseveration
getting stuck on on topic or idea (a lot of autistic people do this)
Constructional apraxia
inability to coy drawings or 3-D construction
emotional lability
exaggerated mood changes
agraphia
inability to write
alexia
inability to see words or read
agnosia
inability to interpret sensations (recognize things)
dressing apraxia
inattention to L side when dressing
anosognosia
unaware of neurological deficits
homonymous hemianopsia
vision loss in same halves of eyes. Both R sides or L sides
Hippocampus is within the lower ____lobe and responsible for the process of ____and ____new memories. Also important in learning ____. Sends memories to ___and ___when needed.
temporal
forming and storing
language
long-term storage and retrieves
Basal ganglia are ___matter masses deep within white matter of cerebrum and include ___,____,____ _____,___ ____, and ___ ____. Responsible for _____ ______, regulation of ____, ____,____ ____, and control of ______ responses.
gray
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei
voluntary movement, autonomic involvement, posture, muscle tone, and control of motor responses
Basal ganglia dysfunction is associated with conditions like…
Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette’s, attention-deficit disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and many addictions
Amygdala is in the ___ lobes. It is the ___ and ___ processing station. Involved with …
temporal
social and emotional
fear, pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory, and formation of emotional memories.
Diencephalon contains the…
It is an area of the brain where ___ and ___ tracts synapse.
Acts and an interactive site between ….
thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus.
motor and sensory
CNS and endocrine system and well as complementing the limbic system
Frontal lobe lesions range from ___ to ___ to loss of ___ ____ and ___-___ behaviors.
paralysis
apraxia
executive functions
goal-directed behaviors
Parietal lobe lesions affect ____ awareness, ___ and ____. Somatosensory deficits elicit….
sensory
interpretation
perception
abnormal movement patterns for patients
Temporal lobe lesions affect ____ and ____. Damage to Wernicke’s are impairs ….
short and long term memory
comprehension of spoken language
Occipital lobe lesions produce various ….
Cortical blindness occurs with damage to the…. and affects….
visual deficits that can hinder therapy
occipital cortex
patients ability to receive visual information
Thalamus is the ____ station. It coordinates….
It receives information from ….
damage in the thalamus can produce….
processing
sensory perception and movement
cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways except for olfactory.
thalamic pain syndrome- spontaneous pain on the contralateral side of the body
Hypothalamus regulates….
also ….
What gland?
lesions here can cause ….
hormones
hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and sleeping; regulates body temperature
adrenal and pituitary glands
obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temperature control and diabetes insipidus
Subthalamus is important for …. and has association with what two structures?
regulating movements produced by skeletal muscles
basal ganglia and substantia nigra
Epithalamus is represented by what gland?
It secretes …. and regulates…
Associated with what system and structure?
pineal
melatonin
circadian rhythms and motor pathways and emotions
limbic system and basal ganglia
_____ is one of the three components of the brainstem
midbrain
Midbrain is a large relay area for ….
information passing from cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord
Midbrain is the reflex center for …
visual, auditory and tactile responses
Two key areas of the midbrain
tectum
tegmentum
Hindbrain consists of the…
cerebellum, pons and medulla
Cerebellum controls …. and ability to perform….
muscle tone
rapid alternating movements
Damage to one side of the cerebellum will produce …. impairment of the body.
ipsilateral
Cerebellar lesions may produce…
ataxia
nystagmus
tremor
hypermetria
poor coordination
deficits in postural reflexes
balance
equilibrium
Pons assists with regulation of ..
Cranial nerves….. originate here.
respiration rate and orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli.
V-VIII
Medulla influences …..and regulates….
Reflex centers for…..
Damage here results in signs on which side of body.
Responsible for relaying somatic sensory info from…and control of ….
Cranial nerves out of here…
autonomic nervous activity, respiration and HR
vomiting, coughing, sneezing
contralateral
internal organs and control of arousal and sleep
IX, X, XI and XII
Brainstem consists of what three structures
midbrain, pons and medulla
Brainstem involves many primitive functions like
HR, RR
What system is found in the midbrain, pons, medulla and portion of the thalamus?
reticular activating system
Severe damage to the brainstem will result in …
brain death
Cranial nerves out of brainstem
majority
Dura mater
outermost layer lining the skull and protecting the brain
arachnoid mater
middle lining and is impermeable
surrounds brain in loose manner
pia mater
innermost layer
covers contours of the brain
forms the choroid plexus in the ventricular system
Bacterial meningitis is potentially…. within hours of onset.
fatal
Acute meningitis is considered to be a …
medical emergency
Signs and symptoms of meningitis
fever, headache, vomiting
complaints of stiff and painful neck, nuchal rigidity
pain in lumbar area and posterior thigh
Brudzinski’s sign
Kernig’s sign
sensitivity to light
Brudzinski’s sign
flexion of neck facilitates flexion of hips and knees
Kernig’s sign
pain with hip flexion combined with knee extension
What is the gold standard for diagnosis of meningitis
lumbar puncture
Treatment for meningitis
antibiotic, antimicrobial and steroid pharmacological intervention
The epidural space can be
abnormally occupied
The subarachnoid space contains
CSF and circulatory system for cerebral cortex
Ventricular system is designed to …
protect and nourish the brain
Ventricular system is made up of…
four fluid-filled cavities called ventricles and multiple foramina
Ventricles allow for
passage of CSF
Each ventricle has specialized tissue called choroid plexus that makes
CSF
Excess CSF in brain can cause
hydrocephalus
Excess CSF in spinal cord is termed
syringomyelia
CSF is produced…
constantly
500-700 ml/day
Largest amount of gray matter in the spinal cord is found where?
lumbar spine
Where does the spinal cord end?
between 1-2nd lumbar vertebrae
Associated conditions with hydrocephalus
spina bifida
choroid plexus neoplasm
cerebral palsy
tumor
meningitis
encephalocele
Treatment of hydrocephalus
shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy
Long-term outcomes for people with hydrocephalus?
unpredictable
Signs of hydrocephalus or blocked shunt
enlarged head or bulging fontanelles in infants
headache
changes in vision
large veins on scalp
behavioral changes
seizures
alteration in appetite, vomiting
sun setting sign or downward deviation of eye
incontinence
If a PT suspects any signs of hydrocephalus or blocked shunt what should they do?
immediately notify medical personnel
failure to act in a timely manner can result in coma or death
