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NPTE > Neuro Weak Points > Flashcards

Neuro Weak Points Flashcards

1
Q

gray matter

A

unmyelinated neurons and contains capillaries, glial cells, cell bodies and dendrites

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2
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons and contains nerve fibers without dendrites

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3
Q

white matter of the spinal cord is divided into three funiculi:

A

anterior, lateral, and dorsal columns

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4
Q

Anterior root for spinal nerves is…

A

efferent (motor)

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5
Q

Efferent means

A

away from CNS (motor)

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6
Q

Dorsal root for spinal nerves is…

A

afferent (sensory)

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7
Q

Afferent means

A

sending info to the CNS (sensory)

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8
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight

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9
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

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10
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are included in what system?

A

autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous systems contains parts of what two systems?

A

CNS and peripheral nervous system

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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system is concerned with innervation for what kinds of processes

A

involuntary, glands, internal organs, and smooth muscle

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13
Q

Somatic nervous system includes

A

peripheral and motor nerve fibers

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14
Q

Somatic motor neurons travel directly to

A

skeletal muscle without intervening synapses

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15
Q

Somatic nervous system controls..

A

voluntary movements and provides the ability to sense touch, smell, sight, taste and sound

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16
Q

All ___ are influenced by somatic nervous system

A

five senses

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17
Q

Limbic system incorporates

A

olfactory tract, thalamic nuclei, amygdala and others

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18
Q

Limbic system is involved in the control and expression of

A

mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, emotional responses to food

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19
Q

Lesions in the limbic system can also result in a variety of behavior…

A

aggression, extreme fearfulness, altered sexual behavior and changes in motivation

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20
Q

The autonomic system influences all….

A

internal organs, blood vessels, pupils and muscles of the eye, sweat and salivary, and digestive glands to regulate homeostasis.

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21
Q

ANS also controls

A

BP, heart and breathing rates, body temp, digestion, metabolism, electrolyte balance, production of saliva, sweat and tears, urination, defecation, sexual response, and other bodily processes.

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22
Q

ANS can affect any

A

body part or process

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23
Q

ANS disorders include

A

constipation, ED, Horner’s syndrome, vasovagal syndrome, orthostatic hypotension, POTS

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24
Q

Telencephalon (part of forebrain) is the

A

largest division of the brain

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25
Q

Telencephalon (part of forebrain) consists of the…

A

cerebrum (cerebral cortex), hippocampus, basal ganglia, and amygdala

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26
Q

Cerebrum consists of

A

two hemispheres

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27
Q

Cerebrum is joined at the bottom by white matter called…

A

corpus callosum

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28
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

relays information from one side of the brain to the other

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29
Q

Outer surface of the cerebrum is ___matter

A

gray

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30
Q

Left brain is involved in

A

language
sequencing and performing movements
understanding language
producing written and spoken language
analytical
controlled
logical
rational
math calculations
expresses positive emotions like love and happiness
processes verbally coded information into organized, logical and sequential manner

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31
Q

Right brain is involved in…

A

nonverbal processing
processes information in a holistic manner
artistic
general concept comprehension
hand-eye coordination
spatial relationships
kinesthetic awareness
understand music
understand nonverbal communication
math reasoning
expresses negative emotions
body image awareness

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32
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

voluntary movement, intellect and orientation
Broca’s area (left hemisphere)-speech and concentration
personality, temper, judgment, reasoning, behavior, self-awareness, executive functions.

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33
Q

When there is impairment of the frontal lobe what are the signs?

A

contralateral weakness
perseveration, inattention
personality changes, antisocial behavior
impaired concentration, apathy
Broca’s aphasia (expressive deficits)
delayed or poor initiation
emotional lability

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34
Q

Functions of the parietal lobe

A

associated with sensation of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration and temperature.
receives information from other areas of the brain regarding hearing, vision, motor sensory and memory.
provides meaning for objects
interprets language and words
spatial and visual perception

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35
Q

When there is impairment to the parietal lobe what happens?

A

dominant hemisphere damage (left): agraphia, alexia, agnosia
non-dominant hemisphere damage (right): dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosia.
contralateral sensory deficits
impaired language comprehension
impaired taste

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36
Q

Functions of the temporal lobe…

A

primary auditory processing and olfaction
Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere): ability to understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding language.
rear of the temporal lob enables humans to interpret other people’s emotions and reactions.

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37
Q

When temporal lobe is impaired….

A

learning deficits
Wernicke’s aphasia
antisocial, aggressive behavior
difficulty with facial recognition
difficulty with memory
inability to categorize objects

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38
Q

Occipital lobe functions

A

main processing center for visual information
processes visual information regarding colors, light and shapes
judgment of distance, seeing in 3-D

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39
Q

impairment of occipital lobe

A

homonymous hemianopsia
impaired extraocular muscle movement and visual deficits
impaired color recognition
reading and writing impairment
cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement

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40
Q

Perseveration

A

getting stuck on on topic or idea (a lot of autistic people do this)

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41
Q

Constructional apraxia

A

inability to coy drawings or 3-D construction

42
Q

emotional lability

A

exaggerated mood changes

43
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

44
Q

alexia

A

inability to see words or read

45
Q

agnosia

A

inability to interpret sensations (recognize things)

46
Q

dressing apraxia

A

inattention to L side when dressing

47
Q

anosognosia

A

unaware of neurological deficits

48
Q

homonymous hemianopsia

A

vision loss in same halves of eyes. Both R sides or L sides

49
Q

Hippocampus is within the lower ____lobe and responsible for the process of ____and ____new memories. Also important in learning ____. Sends memories to ___and ___when needed.

A

temporal
forming and storing
language
long-term storage and retrieves

50
Q

Basal ganglia are ___matter masses deep within white matter of cerebrum and include ___,____,____ _____,___ ____, and ___ ____. Responsible for _____ ______, regulation of ____, ____,____ ____, and control of ______ responses.

A

gray
caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei
voluntary movement, autonomic involvement, posture, muscle tone, and control of motor responses

51
Q

Basal ganglia dysfunction is associated with conditions like…

A

Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Tourette’s, attention-deficit disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and many addictions

52
Q

Amygdala is in the ___ lobes. It is the ___ and ___ processing station. Involved with …

A

temporal
social and emotional
fear, pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory, and formation of emotional memories.

53
Q

Diencephalon contains the…
It is an area of the brain where ___ and ___ tracts synapse.
Acts and an interactive site between ….

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus.
motor and sensory
CNS and endocrine system and well as complementing the limbic system

54
Q

Frontal lobe lesions range from ___ to ___ to loss of ___ ____ and ___-___ behaviors.

A

paralysis
apraxia
executive functions
goal-directed behaviors

55
Q

Parietal lobe lesions affect ____ awareness, ___ and ____. Somatosensory deficits elicit….

A

sensory
interpretation
perception
abnormal movement patterns for patients

56
Q

Temporal lobe lesions affect ____ and ____. Damage to Wernicke’s are impairs ….

A

short and long term memory
comprehension of spoken language

57
Q

Occipital lobe lesions produce various ….
Cortical blindness occurs with damage to the…. and affects….

A

visual deficits that can hinder therapy
occipital cortex
patients ability to receive visual information

58
Q

Thalamus is the ____ station. It coordinates….
It receives information from ….
damage in the thalamus can produce….

A

processing
sensory perception and movement
cerebellum, basal ganglia, and all sensory pathways except for olfactory.
thalamic pain syndrome- spontaneous pain on the contralateral side of the body

59
Q

Hypothalamus regulates….
also ….
What gland?
lesions here can cause ….

A

hormones
hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and sleeping; regulates body temperature
adrenal and pituitary glands
obesity, sexual disinterest, poor temperature control and diabetes insipidus

60
Q

Subthalamus is important for …. and has association with what two structures?

A

regulating movements produced by skeletal muscles
basal ganglia and substantia nigra

61
Q

Epithalamus is represented by what gland?
It secretes …. and regulates…
Associated with what system and structure?

A

pineal
melatonin
circadian rhythms and motor pathways and emotions
limbic system and basal ganglia

62
Q

_____ is one of the three components of the brainstem

A

midbrain

63
Q

Midbrain is a large relay area for ….

A

information passing from cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord

64
Q

Midbrain is the reflex center for …

A

visual, auditory and tactile responses

65
Q

Two key areas of the midbrain

A

tectum
tegmentum

66
Q

Hindbrain consists of the…

A

cerebellum, pons and medulla

67
Q

Cerebellum controls …. and ability to perform….

A

muscle tone
rapid alternating movements

68
Q

Damage to one side of the cerebellum will produce …. impairment of the body.

A

ipsilateral

69
Q

Cerebellar lesions may produce…

A

ataxia
nystagmus
tremor
hypermetria
poor coordination
deficits in postural reflexes
balance
equilibrium

70
Q

Pons assists with regulation of ..
Cranial nerves….. originate here.

A

respiration rate and orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli.
V-VIII

71
Q

Medulla influences …..and regulates….
Reflex centers for…..
Damage here results in signs on which side of body.
Responsible for relaying somatic sensory info from…and control of ….
Cranial nerves out of here…

A

autonomic nervous activity, respiration and HR
vomiting, coughing, sneezing
contralateral
internal organs and control of arousal and sleep
IX, X, XI and XII

72
Q

Brainstem consists of what three structures

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

73
Q

Brainstem involves many primitive functions like

A

HR, RR

74
Q

What system is found in the midbrain, pons, medulla and portion of the thalamus?

A

reticular activating system

75
Q

Severe damage to the brainstem will result in …

A

brain death

76
Q

Cranial nerves out of brainstem

A

majority

77
Q

Dura mater

A

outermost layer lining the skull and protecting the brain

78
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle lining and is impermeable
surrounds brain in loose manner

79
Q

pia mater

A

innermost layer
covers contours of the brain
forms the choroid plexus in the ventricular system

80
Q

Bacterial meningitis is potentially…. within hours of onset.

A

fatal

81
Q

Acute meningitis is considered to be a …

A

medical emergency

82
Q

Signs and symptoms of meningitis

A

fever, headache, vomiting
complaints of stiff and painful neck, nuchal rigidity
pain in lumbar area and posterior thigh
Brudzinski’s sign
Kernig’s sign
sensitivity to light

82
Q

Brudzinski’s sign

A

flexion of neck facilitates flexion of hips and knees

83
Q

Kernig’s sign

A

pain with hip flexion combined with knee extension

84
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosis of meningitis

A

lumbar puncture

85
Q

Treatment for meningitis

A

antibiotic, antimicrobial and steroid pharmacological intervention

86
Q

The epidural space can be

A

abnormally occupied

87
Q

The subarachnoid space contains

A

CSF and circulatory system for cerebral cortex

88
Q

Ventricular system is designed to …

A

protect and nourish the brain

89
Q

Ventricular system is made up of…

A

four fluid-filled cavities called ventricles and multiple foramina

90
Q

Ventricles allow for

A

passage of CSF

91
Q

Each ventricle has specialized tissue called choroid plexus that makes

A

CSF

92
Q

Excess CSF in brain can cause

A

hydrocephalus

93
Q

Excess CSF in spinal cord is termed

A

syringomyelia

94
Q

CSF is produced…

A

constantly
500-700 ml/day

95
Q

Largest amount of gray matter in the spinal cord is found where?

A

lumbar spine

96
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

between 1-2nd lumbar vertebrae

97
Q

Associated conditions with hydrocephalus

A

spina bifida
choroid plexus neoplasm
cerebral palsy
tumor
meningitis
encephalocele

98
Q

Treatment of hydrocephalus

A

shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy

99
Q

Long-term outcomes for people with hydrocephalus?

A

unpredictable

100
Q

Signs of hydrocephalus or blocked shunt

A

enlarged head or bulging fontanelles in infants
headache
changes in vision
large veins on scalp
behavioral changes
seizures
alteration in appetite, vomiting
sun setting sign or downward deviation of eye
incontinence

101
Q

If a PT suspects any signs of hydrocephalus or blocked shunt what should they do?

A

immediately notify medical personnel
failure to act in a timely manner can result in coma or death

NPTE (54 decks)

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