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NPTE > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

General signs and symptoms of cancer

A

CAUTION:
change in bowel/bladder routine
a sore that will not heal
unusual bleeding/discharge
thickening/lump develops
indigestion or difficulty swallowing
obvious change in wart/mole
nagging cough/hoarseness

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2
Q

Cancers of epithelium

A

carcinoma
adenocarcinoma

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3
Q

Connective tissue cancers

A

sarcoma
fibrosarcoma
liposarcoma
chondrosarcoma
osteosarcoma
hemangiosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
rhabdomyosarcoma

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4
Q

Nerve tissue cancers

A

astrocytoma
glioma
neurilemma sarcoma
neuroblastoma
retinoblastoma

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5
Q

Hemotopoietic tissue cancers affect
examples

A

bone marrow and plasma cells
leukemia
myelodysplasia
myeloproliferative syndromes
multiple myeloma

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6
Q

Musculoskeletal pain complaints in cancer patients

A

should not be taken lightly

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7
Q

Bony pain complaints may relate to

A

primary site of malignancy or new matastasis
should be evaluated immediately as it could be indicative of spinal metastasis

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8
Q

Soft tissue complaints may relate to

A

medication side effects or physiological changes in tissue

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9
Q

What is used to classify tumors?

A

TNM

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10
Q

TNM classification system

A

T-malignancy based on size and extent of primary tumor
N-lymph node involvement
M- presence of metastasis

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11
Q

___ numbered stages are considered to have better overall prognosis.

A

lower

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12
Q

National Cancer Institute Staging:
0
1
2
3
4

A

early malignancy that is only present in layer of cells which it began. Not all cancers have a stage 0.

malignancy limited to tissue of origin with no lymph node involvement or metastasis.

malignancy spreading into adjacent tissues; lymph nodes may show signs of micrometastases.

malignancy that has spread to adjacent tissue showing signs of fixation to deeper structures. Lymph node invovlement is high.

malignancy that has metastasized beyond primary site like to bone or another organ.

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13
Q

Clinical staging vs pathologic staging

A

estimated extent of malignancy based on findings of physical exam, lab values, imaging and biopsy. Used in determining optimal course of treatment and establishes a baseline for ocmparison when assessing response.
vs.
staging based on pathology finding of tissue samples obtained during surgery.

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14
Q

Pathologic stage can differ from clinical stage when…

A

surgery reveals cancer has spread more than expected in relation to clinical staging.
gives health care team more precise info to predict treatment response and prognosis.

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15
Q

Most primary cancers outside the brain metastasize to

A

brain

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16
Q

If breast cancer returns, it is usually within

A

2 years of initial diagnosis

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17
Q

Usually signs and symptoms of bronchial carcinoma are

A

not present until disease is advanced

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18
Q

Cervical cancer has a precancerous condition called

A

dysplasia and is easily treatable

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19
Q

Primary cause of cervical cancer

A

HPV

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20
Q

Colorectal cancer types that account for majority

A

adenocarcinoma and primary lymphoma

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21
Q

There is ___ prognosis in lung cancer with expedited metastasis.

A

poor

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22
Q

Exercise guidelines for patients undergoing cancer treatments:

A

always check physician orders with those with bone metastases to verify WB status and clearance to perform mobility.

monitor blood values daily: esp platelets and hematocrit

exercise should be in range of 40-65% peak HR, HRR, VO2max; def under anaerobic threshold.

RPE should not exceed 12

visits should be scheduled during time of day when patient is at peak energy levels

modify treatment to accommodate side effects of medical treatment

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23
Q

____ disease is one of the most curable cancers.

A

Hodgkin

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24
Q

___ cancer is a prominent type with extremely high mortality rate.

A

pancreatic

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25
Q

____ is the most common type of prostate cancer.
____ cause of death in men.
Prognosis is ____ with treatment.

A

adenocarcinoma
second highest
good

26
Q

_____ ____ carcinoma is a slow growing form of skin cancer that rarely metastasizes. Originates from epidermis and is most ___ form of skin cancer.
Prognosis is ___.

A

basal cell
common
good

27
Q

Malignant melanoma peak incidence ___-___years old. Areas of metastases include

A

40-60
brain, lungs, liver, bone and skin

28
Q

Astrocytoma accounts for ___% of pediatric brain tumors.
2 types
treatment

A

50
cerebellar
supratentorial
surgical resection offers 80-90% cure rate. Supratentorial also requires chemo/radiation.

29
Q

Leukemia sxs
Over ___% patients with ALL achieve remission and ___-___% patients with AML achieve remission.

A

anemia, leukocyte count greater than 500,000 mm and thrombocytopenia

90%

70-80%

30
Q

Neuroblastomas are found in

A

sympathetic nervous system
adrenal glands or paraspinal ganglia
most common malignant tumor in children

31
Q

Prognosis is best for children diagnosed with neuroblastoma in first ___.
They can

A

year of life
spontaneously regress in rare cases

32
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma occurs at
Most common form of ____ in _____.
peak ages it occurs ____-___.
Treatment____.
What is not effective against it?

A

epiphyses of long bones
most common form of bone cancer in children
peak ages 10-20
treatment is amputation
radiation is not effective with this type of tumor

33
Q

Wilms’ tumor is an
most cases are diagnosed between what ages?
5 year cure rate

A

embryonal nephroblastoma found in the kidney
1-4
75%

34
Q

Chemo can alter blood counts:

A

anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia

all part of CBC

35
Q

Patients who are anemic are advised to

A

change positions slowly, rest frequently, allow a full nights sleep

36
Q

Thrombocytopenia refers to

A

low platelet levels
bruise easily

37
Q

Neutropenia causes those with it to

A

develop serious infections

38
Q

Biotherapy

A

utilizes various agents and/or techniques to change relationship between malignancy and its host.
acts to strengthen patient’s biological response to malignant cells

39
Q

Antiangiogenic therapy

A

focuses on use of thalidomide and its suppression of blood supply formation.
It has had initial success in treatment of multiple myeloma.

40
Q

Strenuous activity should be initially ____ following implantation of radioactive seeds in brachytherapy.
Communication with radiation oncologist is imperative because further…

A

avoided

contraindications or precautions may be advised depending on individual case.

41
Q

Brachytherapy

A

treatment especially with prostate cancer of radioactive implantations

42
Q

Skin tattoos are used to guide beam alignment for radiation. PTs must be cautious and ___ interventions that would alter these. Examples of these treatments:

A

defer
taping , soft tissue or myofascial mobilizations

43
Q

Irradiated skin requires

A

special care

44
Q

___ and ___ are contraindicated over irradiated areas for a minimum of 12 months.

A

massage and heat

45
Q

Certain chemo agents may cause patients to have a level of toxicity that requires…

A

staff and visitors to take additional precautions before making physical contact

46
Q

Pt vomiting during therapy should be

A

reported to nurse/physician especially if they are taking antiemetic medication

47
Q

Palliative oncology treatment includes

A

radiation, chemo, PT, chiro, acupuncture ,alternative and homeopathic medicines, relaxation, biofeedback, pharmacological intervention and hospice.

48
Q

Palliative care can be implemented

A

any time in the disease process

49
Q

Alkylating agents do what?
Implications for PT with them?

A

bind to DNA to prevent replication
extreme fatigue, GI issues, cancer pain, and blood disorders

50
Q

Most ___ and ____ modalities are contraindicated for use over active malignancy but not necessarily for use elsewhere on body.

A

heat
electrotherapeutic

51
Q

Why are heat and electrotherapeutic modalities contraindicated?

A

potential for facilitating growth of malignant mass or hematogenous spread. With physician guidance, these can be overlooked in lieu of palliative goals for terminally ill patients.

52
Q

Biologic response modifier agents

A

enhance body’s own ability to respond to neoplastic growth.
They are not cytotoxic but facilitate patients immune response to destroy malignant tissues.

53
Q

Heavy metal compounds to treat cancer include

A

platinum coordination complexes
act as alkylating agents

54
Q

Hormones are used as

A

adjunct therapy along with other forms of treatment specific to malingnancy

55
Q

Plant alkaloid agents target

A

replication process prior to and during mitosis to inhibit cell division

56
Q

differentiated cells

A

cells that have matured from a less specific to a more specific cell type

57
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development of cells or tissue that is often an early sign of neoplasia

58
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number that may be normal or abnormal depending on additional characteristics.

59
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

abnormal uncontrolled cell growth that invades and destroys adjacent tissues and may metastasize to other sites and systems of the body

60
Q

Metaplasia

A

change in a cell from one type to another that may be normal or abnormal

61
Q

Neoadjuvant

A

chemo or radiation given prior to surgical oncology intervention

62
Q
A

NPTE (54 decks)

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