Pathology of Airways and Lungs Flashcards
ARDS is
sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation in alveoli.
usually occurs in those that are already critically ill
fatal in 25-40% of people
if you do survive, normal lung function doesnt come back for a year or more
PT management for asthma
caregiver education
airway clearance
breathing techniques
relaxation
endurance and strength training
Atelectasis causes
post-op pain, pleural effusion, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, CF
Bronchiectasis
progressive obstructive disease the produces abnormal dilation of bronchus.
irreversible
S/s of bronchiectasis
consistent productive cough
hemoptysis
crackles
wheezing
loud breath sound
Bronchitis
hypertrophy of mucus secreting glands
increased mucus secretions
insufficient oxygenation due to mucus blockage
Chronic bronchitis is characterized by
productive cough for 3 months over the course of 2 consecutive years
Causes of Bronchitis
cigarette smoking
exposure to air pollutants also
Pts with chronic bronchitis present with cough that
is worse in morning and damp weather
COPD main ones
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
also chronic asthmatic bronchitis
Pts have increased …. and significant increase in…. with COPD.
total lung capacity
RV
CF affecs
lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses and sex organs
S/s of CF
salty tasting skin
persistent and productive cough
frequent lung infections
wheezing
SOB
poor growth/weight gain in spite of good appetite
frequent greasy, bulky stools
PT for CF
airway clearance, breathing techniques
assisted cough
ventilatory muscle training
Emphysema
alveolar walls are gradually destroyed
from smoking
orthopnea
barrel chest
Pleural effusion
buildup of fluid in pleural space between lungs and chest cavity causing atelectasis
Fluid can get infected and turns into abscess its called empyema
s/s of pleural effusion
SOB
dry cough
fever
chills
Pneumonia
inflammation of lungs
s/s pneumonia
fever, cough, SOB, sweating, shaking chills, chest pain that fluctuates with breathing, headache, muscle pain and fatigue
Acute pulmonary edema is
a medical emergency
Pulmonary edema occurs when
LV is unable to pump blood adequately
Non cardiac pulmonary edema
fluid leaks from capillaries within alevoli
may be a result of pneumonia, exposure to certain toxins and medications, smoke inhalation, respiratory distress syndrome and living at high elevations.
S/s of acute pulmonary edema
sudden SOB, profuse sweating
bubbly, wheezing or gasping sound during breathing
cough that produces frothy sputum tinged with blood
cyanotic skin color
rapid, irregular pulse
severe drop in BP
Common s/s of PE
sudden SOB
chest pain that is worse with deep breathing
coughing
eating or bending
coughing up bloody or blood-streaked sputum
wheezing
LE swelling
excessive sweating
rapid or irregular pulse
lightheadedness
fainting
Clinical prediction rules for PE
DVT-at least leg swelling and pain with palpation
Alt diagnoses less likely
HR >100
Immobilization or surgery in last 4 weeks
previous DVT or PE
Heoptysis
malignancy or 6 months prior
Clinical prediction rules scoring for PE
<2 points= low
2-6 points= moderate
>6 points= high
Updated rules for scoring PE (2 options)
> 4 =PE likely
<4= PE is unlikely
> 1 point=likely
<1 point= unlikely
Long-COVID symptoms
MSK pain
memory loss, brain fog
fatigue, SOB, chest pain/tightness
diarrhea and stomach pain
loss of smell, altered taste etc
PTs need to be alert for post-exertional malaise from long covid, PEM?
worsening of symptoms following minor physical or mental exertion. 12-48 hours after activity and lasts for days or weeks
Pulmonary fibrosis
microscopic damage to alveoli causing irreversible scarring
Idiopathic=unknown cause
silicosis= silica dust exposure
asbestos
radiation
s/s of pulmonary fibrosis
dry cough
Restrictive lung diseases
abnormal lung expansion and ventilation
atelectasis
pneumonia
pulmonary fibrosis
pulmonary edema
ARDS
pleural effusion
pleural fibrosis
pneumothorax
hemothorax
decrease in resp drive
neurologic and neuromuscular disease
muscle disease or weakness
thoracic deformity
connective tissue disorders
pregnancy
obesity
ascites
s/s of restrictive lung diseases
non-productive cough
hypoxemia
decreased VC
abnormal breath sounds
