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NPTE > Cardiopulm Weak Points > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Weak Points Flashcards

1
Q

Lowest part of the heart that projects anteriorly and left at the 5th intercostal space

A

apex of the heart

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2
Q

Upper border of the heart below the second rib

A

base

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3
Q

Endocardium

A

interior of the heart chambers and valves

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4
Q

Epicardium

A

serous layer of pericardium
contains epicardial coronary arteries, veins, autonomic nerves and lymphatics.

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that form the bulk of the heart wall.

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6
Q

Aorta begins at the

A

left ventricle

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7
Q

Inferior vena cava returns blood to the

A

RA

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8
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood to RV

A

deoxygenated

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9
Q

Pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood to LA

A

oxygenated

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10
Q

Right side gets blood from

A

body and pumps to lungs

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11
Q

Left side gets blood from

A

lungs and pumps to body

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12
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A
  1. deoxygenated blood from body through superior and inferior vena cava
  2. RA
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. RV
  5. pulm valve
  6. pulmonary arteries
  7. lungs
  8. oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins
  9. LA
  10. mitral valve
  11. LV
  12. aorta
  13. body
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13
Q

Sinus node artery supplies

A

RA

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14
Q

Right marginal artery supplies

A

RV

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15
Q

Posterior descending artery supplies

A

inferior walls of both ventricles
inferior portion of interventricular septum

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16
Q

Right coronary artery includes

A

Sinus node artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior descending artery
and all they supply

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17
Q

Circumflex artery supplies

A

LA
Posterior and lateral walls of LV
Anterior and inferior walls of LV

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18
Q

LAD supplies

A

Anterior portion of interventricular septum

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19
Q

Left coronary artery includes

A

Circumflex and LAD

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20
Q

What veins drain into the coronary sinus which empties into the RA?

A

great cardiac vein
small and middle cardiac veins

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21
Q

The thebesian veins arise in the myocardium and drain into what?

A

all the chambers of the heart but primarily into the RA and RV

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22
Q

Each cardiac myocyte has an intrinsic ability to depolarize and propagate electrical impulse from cell to cell….

A

without nerve stimulation

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23
Q

Normal pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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24
Q

Bachmann bundle appears to conduct

A

cardiac pulse preferentially from the R to L atrium

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25
Q

Bundle of His comes from which node

A

AV

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26
Q

Bundle of His passes to the

A

interventricular septum

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27
Q

Purkinje fibers extend to

A

both ventricular walls

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28
Q

Heart rate, rhythm, and contractility are influenced by…

A

autonomic nervous system

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29
Q

Vagus nerve is associated with heart

A
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30
Q

Sympathetic influence is achieved by release of what hormones?

A

norepinephrine
epinephrine

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31
Q

Sympathetic nerves stimulate chambers to

A

beat faster and with greater force

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32
Q

Beating faster from sympathetic stimulation is called

A

chronotropic effect

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33
Q

Beating with greater force from sympathetic stimulation is called

A

inotropic effect

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34
Q

Parasympathetic influence is achieved via … release from vagus nerve.

A

AcH

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35
Q

Parasympathetic nerves do what to HR and primarily through their influence on which node?

A

slow
SA

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36
Q

Baroreceptors and mechanoreceptors are those that

A

detect changes in pressure

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37
Q

Baroreflex maintains

A

BP

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38
Q

Sympathetic activation leads to

A

increased cardiac contractility
increased HR
venoconstriction
arterial vasoconstriction

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39
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

increase in venous return stretches receptors in the wall of the RA which sends vagal afferent signals to CVD. These will inhibit parasympathetic activity which increases HR.

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40
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex

A

changes in pH and blood oxygen tension.
When arterial partial oxygen less than 50 mmHg (acidosis), stimulate respiratory centers and increase depth and rate of ventilation.
Parasympathetic system reduces HR and contractility.

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41
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

increased intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure, decreased venous return.
Resultant decrease in cardiac output and BP is sensed by baroreceptors which reflexively increased HR and contractility through sympathetic stimulation.

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42
Q

Arteriole systole

A

contraction of R and L atria pushing blood into ventricles

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43
Q

Arteriole diastole

A

period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing

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44
Q

Ventricular systole

A

contraction of R and L ventricles pushing blood into pulmonary arteries and aorta

45
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

period between ventricular contractions when ventricles are repolarizing

46
Q

Preload

A

tension in ventricular wall at the end of diastole.
venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole

47
Q

Afterload

A

forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart.
Pressure in peripheral vasculature and compliance of aorta; mass and viscosity of the blood

48
Q

Stroke Volume

A

blood ejected by each contraction in LV
Normal ranges 60-80 ml

49
Q

Cardiac Output

A

amount of blood pumped from the L or R ventricle per minute.
SV x HR
normal for male at rest is 4.5-5.0L/min
Can increase to 25 L/min with exercise

50
Q

Venous return

A

amount of blood that returns to the RA each minute
similar to volume of CO

51
Q

Because the CVD is a closed loop, the venous return must equal…

A

CO when averaged over time

52
Q

Deep vein accompany the

A

arteries

53
Q

More valves in which veins

A

deep

54
Q

Normal blood volume of an adult is

A

4.5-5.0 L

55
Q

Hypovolemia

A

decreased blood volume, specifically plasma

56
Q

Causes of hypovolemia

A

bleeding
dehydration-vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, severe burns, diuretic medications used to treat HTN.

57
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia

A

orthostatic hypotension
tachycardia
elevated body temp

58
Q

Hypervolemia

A

fluid overload
increased blood plasma

59
Q

Causes of hypervolemia

A

excess intake of fluids and sodium or fluid retention

60
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypervolemia

A

swelling in legs
ascites
fluid in lung

61
Q

Plasma is

A

the liquid component

62
Q

Plasma consists of

A

water
electrolytes
proteins

63
Q

Plasma consists of

A

more than half the total blood volume

64
Q

Plasma is important for

A

regulating BP and temp

65
Q

RBC account for

A

40% of blood volume

66
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many RBC
blood is too thick and this increases the risk for stroke or heart attack

67
Q

Thrombocytes are aka

A

blood platelets

68
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

low number of platelets
increases risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding

69
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

high number of platelets
increases the risk of thrombosis which increases risk of stroke or heart attack

70
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

71
Q

Leukopenia

A

low # of white blood cells

72
Q

Leukocytosis

A

abnormally high number of white blood cells

73
Q

5 main types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

74
Q

Neutrophils

A

protect against bacteria and debris

75
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T, natural killer (viral infections and can protect against some cancer) and B (antibodies).

76
Q

Monocytes

A

ingest dead or damaged cells

77
Q

Eosinophils

A

kill parasites, destroy cancer cells
allergies

78
Q

Basophils

A

allergic responses

79
Q

What provides attachment sites for accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

clavicles and scapulae

80
Q

Manubrium articulates with

A

right and left clavicles
body of sternum
second rib

81
Q

Sternal angle of manubrium and body is called

A

angle of louis

82
Q

Ribs ____-____attach to sternum.
Ribs ___-___ attach to cartilage of rib above and not to sternum. They are aka…
Ribs ___-___ have no skeletal attachment and are aka…

A

1-7
8-10
11 and 12

83
Q

What are the principal muscles of inspiration?

A

diaphragm
external intercostals

84
Q

Upper movement of the upper ribs increases the ….. diameter of the chest.

A

anterior-posterior

85
Q

Elevation of the lower ribs increase the ….diameter.

A

transverse

86
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration…

A

SCM
scalenes
pec major
pec minor
serratus

87
Q

Forceful exhalation muscles

A

rectus
external and internal oblique
TA

88
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

89
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

larynx to alveoli

90
Q

Which lung has three lobes?

A

right

91
Q

Lingula is to which lobe?

A

right

92
Q

Oxygen diffuses across …. into RBC in lung capillaries where it combines with hemoglobin to be transported back to heart. CO2 diffuses opposite.

A

alveolar capillary septum

93
Q

abnormal instances where pleural space may contain air….

A

pneumothorax
hemothorax
pus or serous fluid

94
Q

Innervation of lungs

A

vagus

95
Q

Breathing control is where

A

central respiratory center in brainstem and peripheral receptors in lungs, airways, chest wall and blood vessels

96
Q

Central chemoreceptors in …. respond to increases in partial pressure of CO2 and hydrogen ion.

A

medulla

97
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

max volume exhaled after normal tidal
15 % of total volume

98
Q

Forced expiratory volume

A

max volume exhaled in specific period of time

99
Q

Forced vital capacity

A

volume expired during forced maximal expiration after forced maximal inspiration

100
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

volume in lungs after normal exhalation
40% of volume

101
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

max volume inspired after normal tidal exhalation
60% of volume

102
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

max volume air inspired after normal tidal volume inspiration
50% of total volume

103
Q

Peak expiratory flow

A

max flow of air during beginning of a forced expiratory maneuver

104
Q

Residual volume

A

volume in of gas remaining in lungs at the end of max expiration
25% of total volume

105
Q

Tidal volume

A

total volume inspired and expired during each breath of quiet breathing
10% of total

106
Q

Total lung capacity

A

volume of air in lungs after max inspiration and the sume of all lungs volumes

107
Q

vital capacity

A

volume change that occurs between max inspiration and max expiration
75% of all volume

108
Q
A

NPTE (54 decks)

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