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NPTE > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus connects to

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What is considered the most important part of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland

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4
Q

Pituitary is considered the …
and it…

A

master gland
is influenced by seasonal changes and/or emotional stress

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5
Q

Pituitary gland secretes…which

A

endorphins
reduce a person’s sensitivity to pain

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6
Q

Pituitary gland controls

A

ovulation and works as a catalyst for testes and ovaries to create sex hormones

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7
Q

Parathyroid glands maintain

A

normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate

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8
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases

A

reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

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9
Q

Outer portion of adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

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10
Q

Inner portion of adrenal gland

A

adrenal medulla

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11
Q

Adrenal cortex produces .. that will regulate…

A

corticosteroids
water and sodium balance, body’s response to stress, the immune system, sexual development and function and metabolism.

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12
Q

Adrenal medulla produces …that will..

A

epinephrine
increase HR and BP when there is an increase in stress

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13
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

left quadrant of abdominal cavity

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14
Q

Pancreas’s job?

A

ensure a consistent level of glucose within the bloodstream

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15
Q

Steroid hormones (prostaglandins) are unique in that they..

A

do not circulate in the blood, but exert their effects only where they are produced.

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16
Q

Effects of steroid hormones

A

inflammation
pain mechanisms
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
nutrient metabolism
blood clotting

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17
Q

Amine hormones (catecholamines) examples

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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18
Q

Amine hormones are where?

A

adrenal medulla

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19
Q

What releases catecholamines into the blood stream?

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulation

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20
Q

Where is insulin created?

A

pancreas

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21
Q

What produces growth hormone-releasing and inhibiting hormone?
And where does it act?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary

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22
Q

What produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

What produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

What produces corticotropin-releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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25
Q

What produces prolactin-releasing and inhibiting hormone as well as dopamine?

A

hypothalamus

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26
Q

What do all the hormones produced by hypothalamus act on?

A

pituitary

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27
Q

What produces growth hormone?

A

pituitary

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28
Q

What produces FSH?

A

Pituitary

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29
Q

What produces LH?

A

pituitary

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30
Q

What produces TSH?

A

pituitary

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31
Q

What produces adrenocorticotropic hormone?

A

pituitary

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32
Q

What produces prolactin?

A

pituitary

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33
Q

What produces oxytocin?

A

pituitary

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34
Q

What produces antidiuretic hormone?

A

pituitary

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35
Q

What does FSH do?

A

follicular development and creation of estrogen in females and spermatogenesis in males

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36
Q

What does LH do?

A

ovulation along with estrogen/progesterone synthesis and testosterone in males

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37
Q

What does TSH do?

A

increases synthesis of T3 and T4

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38
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

process of lactation

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39
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

increases contraction of uterine muscles
promotes release of milk from mammary glands

40
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

androgen
aldosterone
cortisol

41
Q

Androgen

A

increases masculinization
promotes pubic hair growth

42
Q

Aldosterone

A

increases reabsorption of sodium ions by kidneys
increases excretion of potassium ions by kidneys into urine

43
Q

Cortisol

A

influences metabolism of food
anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts

44
Q

Hormones produced by adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

45
Q

Epinephrine

A

increases HR and force of contraction
vasodilation of skeletal muscle

46
Q

Norepinephrine

A

vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles

47
Q

Hormones produced by the Pancreas?

A

glucagon
insulin

48
Q

When is glucagon produced?

A

hypoglycemia

49
Q

When is insulin produced?

A

hyperglycemia

50
Q

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid?

A

parathormone

51
Q

When is parathormone released?

A

hypocalcemia

52
Q

What hormones are produced by the thyroid?

A

T4 and T3
Calcitonin

53
Q

T3 and T4

A

TSH

54
Q

When is Calcitonin produced?

A

hypercalcemia

55
Q

Periarthritis

A

swelling around joints not in them

56
Q

Arthralgia

A

pain in joint

57
Q

Polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

58
Q

Endocrine dysfunction neuromuscular symptoms

A

muscle weakness
periarthritis
myalgia
arthralgia
stiffness
OA
muscle atrophy
adhesive capsulitis

59
Q

Endocrine dysfunction systemic symptoms

A

polydipsia
growth dysfunction
skin pigmentation dysfunction
polyuria
increased vital signs
hair dysfunction
nervousness or anxiety

60
Q

When there is an endocrine system pathology, it is often which two structures that affect the function of the other endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary

61
Q

Hyperfunction of an endocrine gland is usually due to..

A

overstimulation of pituitary gland

62
Q

Hypofunction of an endocrine gland is usually due to..

A

understimulation of pituitary gland

63
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

rare
short
delayed growth and puberty
sexual and reproductive disorders
diabetes insipidous

64
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

gigantism
hirsuitism
galactorrhea
amenorrhea
infertility
impotence

65
Q

Things to consider in rehabbing those with pituitary dysfunction

A

exercise is encouraged 24 hours surgery
hypoglycemia
bilateral CTS, arthritis, osteophyte formation common with hyperpituitarism
Orthostatic hypotension in hypopituitarism
Bilateral hemianopsia in hypopituitarism

66
Q

Addisons

A

hypofunction of adrenal cortex
decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone

67
Q

Sxs of addisons

A

hypotension
weakness
anorexia
weight loss
altered pigmentation
left untreated can result in shock and death

68
Q

Cushings

A

hyperfunction of adrenal glands
too much cortisol

69
Q

Sxs of cushings

A

hyperglycemia
growth failure
truncal obesity
purple abdominal striae
moon shaped face
buffalo hump
weakness
acne
HTN
male gynecomastia
mental changes: depression, poor concentration, memory loss

70
Q

Considerations for rehabbing those with adrenal dysfunction

A

recognize signs of stress or exhaustion
notify physician of illness or increased intracranial pressure
orthostatic hypotension-long-term cortisol therapy
report sleep disturbances to doctor
osteoporosis, fracture, degenerative myopathy, tendon ruptures, ataxic gait
delayed wound healing

71
Q

Postpartum thyroiditis: first 1-4 months what is present?
4-8 months following delivery what does it shift to?

A

hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism

72
Q

Most specific cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

73
Q

Graves disease

A

autoimmune causing thyroid to be overactive

74
Q

sxs of graves

A

goiter
heat intolerance
nervousness
weight loss
tremor
palpitations

75
Q

When rehabbing those with thyroid dysfunction be aware of..

A

vital signs
effects of radioiodine therapy
risk of rhabdo

76
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

hypocalcemia
seizures
cognitive defects
short stature
tetany
muscle pain
cramps

77
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

renal stones
kidney damage
depression
memory loss
muscle wasting
bone deformity
myopathy

78
Q

Rehab considerations for those with parathyroid dysfunction

A

be familiar with all signs and symptoms of parathyroid dysfunction in order to refer out
recognize hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia
risk for fractures and effects from osteogenic synovitis

79
Q

Hypercalcemia occurs from

A

hyperparathyroidism

80
Q

Hypocalcemia occurs from

A

hypoparathyroidism

81
Q

Osteogenic synovitis affects

A

achilles
triceps
obturator
tendons

82
Q

Characteristics of hypoparathyroidism

A

decreased bone resorption
hypocalcemia
elevated phosphate levels
shortened 4th and 5th metacarpals
compromised breathing due to intercostal muscle and diaphragm spasms
cardiac arrhythmias and potential heart failure
increased neuromuscular activity that can result in tetany

83
Q

Characteristics of hyperparathyroidism

A

increased bone resorption
hypercalcemia
decreased phosphate levels
osteitis fibrosa
subperiosteal resorption
arthritis
bone deformity
nephrocalcinosis
renal HTN
significant renal damage
gout
decreased neuromuscular irritability

84
Q

Hyperglycemia symptoms can occur in what ranges?
What are the symptoms?

A

> 180-200
occurring in those with type 1 DM
ketoacidosis
dyspnea
fruity breath
dry mouth
nausea
vomiting
confusion
eventual loss of consciousness

85
Q

Hypoglycemia symptoms can occur at what level?

A

<70

86
Q

Etiology of type 1 DM

A

destruction of islets of Langerhans cells secondary to possible autoimmune or viral factor
ketoacidosis

87
Q

Etiology of type 2 DM

A

resistance to insulin receptor sites secondary to obesity
ketoacidosis will rarely occur

88
Q

After being diagnosed with gestational diabetes and the glucose intolerance lasts more than 6 weeks after childbirth it..

A

should be reclassified to another form of diabetes

89
Q

Babies born to those with gestational diabetes have

A

increased glucose levels

90
Q

Fasting plasma glucose

A

8 hours after pts last intake of food or drink
positive if >125
normal is <100

91
Q

Oral glucose

A

two hours after ingestion of sugary drink
positive is >200
normal is <140

92
Q

A1c testing

A

glucose over 2-3 months
positive if >6.5%
normal is <5.7%

93
Q

Primary male hypogonadism is

A

Klenefelter’s syndrome

94
Q

Primary female hypogonadism is

A

turner syndrome

95
Q

Indications for bone mineral regulating agents

A

Paget’s disease
osteoporosis
hyperparathyroidism
rickets
hypoparathyroidism
osteomalacia

96
Q

Implications for PT when patients are taking bone mineral regulating agents

A

risk for fracture

97
Q
A

NPTE (54 decks)

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