Pathology - Chest Flashcards
What is Emphysema? How does it show up in Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Lung’s alveoli become distended and there is an increase in air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles; dyspnea is primary symptom
Depressed diaphragm, radiolucent lungs, incresaed retrosternal air space (barrel-shaped chest)
Decrease exposure
What is Chronic Obstrutive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? Exposure adjustment?
Group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction
Decrease
What is Pleurisy? How does it show up on Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Inflammation of the pleural; pain is on one side or the other and along intercostal nerve roots
Possible air-fluid levels, or none with “dry” pleurisy
No adjustment
What is Pleural Effusion? How does it show up on Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Excess fluid in pleural cavity
Increased radiodensity; air-fluid levels, possible mediastinal shift
Increase in exposure
What is Hemothorax? How does it show on an Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Plueral effusion containing blood
Increased radiodensity; air-fluid levels, possible mediastinal shift
Increase in exposure
What is a Pneumothorax? How does it show on an Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Free air is trapped in the plural space caused by penetrating chest trauma or blowout of bleb
Strip of radiolucency with no lung markings
No exposure adjustment
What is Atelectasis? How would it show up on an xray? Exposure adjustment?
Collapse of all or part of lung
Radiodense lung regions with shift of heart and trachea
Increase exposure
What is congestive Heart Failure (CHF)? What causes CHF? Exposure adjustment?
Heart is unable to propel blood at a sufficent rate and volume - results in insufficient blood supply to the tissues
Hypertension
Increase
What is Coronary Artery Disease? What does it cause? Exposure adjustment?
Plaque accumulates in the arteries, reducing blood supply to heart.
Ischemia and myocardial damage
No adjustment
What is a Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)? What causes a CVA? Exposure adjustment?
Stroke; Atherosclerotic disease affecting blood supply to the brain
Brain hemorrhage
Infraction
Embolism
No adjustment
What is an Aneurysm? And what causes it? Exposure adjustment?
Ballooning or out-pouching of a vessel wall as a result of weakining
Atherosclerotic disease, trauma, infection, or congenital defects
No adjustment
What is Pneumonia? What does it look like on an xray? Expsosure adjustment?
Inflammation of the lungs resulting in accumulation of fluid
Patchy infiltrate wth increased radiodensity
Increase exposure
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood
What are the most common forms of COPD?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
What breathing technique is used for Pneumothorax?
PA inspiration and
PA expiration
What is Aspiration? How will it show up on xray? Exposure adjustment?
Food or foreign objects stuck in the air passways.
Radiodense or radiopaque outline
Decrease
What is Bronchiectasis? How does it show up on an xray? Exposure adjustment?
Dilation or widending of bronchi; bronchial walls become inflamed casuing increased mucus and chronic cough
Radiodense lower lungs
No adjustment
What is Bronchitis? How does it show up on an xray? Exposure adjustment?
Excessive mucus in the bronchi causing shortness of breath.
Hyperinflation and more dominant lower lung markings
No exposure adjustment
What is Cystic Fibrosis? How does it show up on an xray? Exposure adjustment?
Most common inherited disease - heavy mucus causes clogging of bronchi and bronchioles
Increased radiodensities in specific lung regions
Increase
What is Epoglottis? How does it show up on an xray? Exposure adjustment?
Most common in ages 2-5; life threatening conditon; Swelling or edema at the epiglottis
Narrowing of upper airway
Decreased expsoure
What is Lung Neoplasm? What are the different kinds? How do they show up on Xrays? Exposure adjustment?
Refers to new growth or tumor
Benign - hamartoma is the most common and usually found in peripheral regions of the lungs; radiodensities with sharp outlines
Malignant - 90% lung cancers start in bronchi; slight shadows in early stages, larger defined radiopaque masses in advanced stages
None
What is Anthracosis? How does it show up on Xrays? Exposure adjustment?
Caused by deposits of coal dust with long term inhalation (>10 years)
Small opaque spots or conglomerate masses
No adjustment
What is Asbestosis? How will it show up on an Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Caused by inhalation of asbestos dust
Calcifications involving the pleura
No adjustment
What is Silicosis? How will it show up on Xrays? Exposure adjustment?
Caused by inhaliation of silica dust - 3 times more likely to develop TB
No exposure adjustment
Distinctive pattern of scarring and dense nodules
What is Empyema? How does it show up on Xray? Expsoure adjustment?
Pleural Effusion with pus.
Increased radiodensity, air-fluid levels
Increase exposure
What is Pulmonary Edema? How does it show up on Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Excess fluid within the lung that is caused by a backup in pulmonary circulation
Increased diffuse radiodensity in hilar regions; air fluid levels
Increase exposure
What is Respiratory Disease Syndrome? How does it show up on Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Alveoli and capillaries are injured or infected causing leakage of fluid and blood into the spaces between the alveoli
Granular pattern of increased radiodensity throughout the lungs, possible air fluid levels
Increase exposure
What is Tuberculosis? How does it show up on Xray? Exposure adjustment?
Contagious disease that is caused by bacteria
Primary - small opaque spots throughout the lungs; enlargement of hilar region
Secondary - regions of calcification with cavitations, frequently in area of upper lobes and apices with upward retraction of hila
No exposure adjustment
What type of exam is done for occluded blood vessels?
Angiography
What conditions/diseases might use CT?
Bronchiectasis
Malignant lung neoplasm
Pulmonary Emboli
What is a pulmonary emboli? How does it show up on Xray? Exposure Adjustment
Blockage of artery
Possible wedge shaped opacity (Hamptom’s hump)
No adjustment
Which diseases would use a decub exam?
Plureal Effusion
Pneumothorax
What disease would you use a AP lordotic cxam?
TB - secondary
