Chapter 2 Flashcards
How many divisions is the chest (thorax) divided into? What are they?
3 sections - bony thorax, repsiratory system, mediastinum
What are the 3 parts of the sternum?
Manubrium, body, and Xiphoid process
What are two landmarks in chest positioning?
Vertebra prominens
Jugular notch (suprasternum, maubrial notch)
What does the thoracic viscera consist of?
Heart, lungs, thymus gland, great vessels, trachea and esophagus
What is conidered the level of mid thorax?
T-7
What are the 4 divisons of the respiratory system?
Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
What happens when the diaphragm goes down?
Air is sucked into the lungs
What happens with the diaphragm goes up?
Pushes air out of the lungs
What is the pharynx?
A passage way for both food and air
What makes up the roof of the mouth?
Hard plate (palentine bone), soft plate, and uvula
Where is the larynx located?
Upper at C3 (hyoid bone)
Lower at C6
What forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx?
Cricoid cartilage
What is the trachea made from?
A fibrous muscular tube with about 20 c-shaped rings
What is the function of the c-rings around the trachea?
Keep the tube from collapsing during inspiration
What glands are located near the trachea?
Thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus
Function of thyroid gland
Releases hormones for regulation of body metabolism, body growth, development and activity of the nervous system
What is the maximum size of the thymus gland?
40 grams
Function of thymus gland
Aids in the functioning of certain body immune systems
When is the thymus gland the most prominent?
Infancy until age 4
How many sections is the bronchi divided into?
Right - 3
Left - 2
What is Carina?
The prominence at the lowest tracheal cartilage where it divides into the left and right bronchi
What is the flow of bronchi to alveoli?
Main bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Alveoli
What happens in the alveoli?
O2 and CO2 exchange
How many lobes do the lungs have?
Right - 3
Left - 2
What material are the lungs made of?
Parenchyma
What is the double walled sac surrounding the lungs?
Pleura
What are the different types of pleura?
Parietal pleura - outside wall
Visceral pleura - inside wall
What is the diaphragm?
A muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
What are the costaphrenic angles?
Outermost lower corner of the lungs - sometimes called the gutters
What is the difference between hemothorax and pneumothorax?
Hemo - blood in pleural cavity
Pnemuo - air in pleural cavity
Where is the mediastinum?
Medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs
What are the structures located within the mediastinum?
Thymus gland
Heart
Great vessels
Trachea
Esophagus
Where is the heart and great vessels located?
T5-T8, directly behind the posterior side of the sternum
What is situs inversus?
Everything in the person’s body is located on the opposite side
What are the great vessels?
IVC, SVC, aorta, large pulmonary arteries and veins
What vein returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body?
SVC
What vein returns blood from the lower half of the body?
IVC
Where are the trachea and esophagus located?
Anterior to the spine until it passes through the diaphragm at T9
What makes up the mediastinum?
Thymus gland, heart, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus
What is the hilum?
Part of the mediastinum
Bronchi, ateries, veins, and nerves connect to the lungs
Where is the oropharynx?
Uvula to epiglottis
Where is the nasopharynx?
Top of phayrnx; Posterior to the nose
Where is the laryngopharynx?
Lies above and posterior to the larynx
Which bronchi is more verticle?
Right
Where should the ET tube stop?
Level of the carina
What is surfactant?
Lines the alveoli and decreases the lung tension to prevent atelectasis
What should be the technique for a chest xray with no grid?
80 kvp
Use radiation protection for all anatomy except:
pelvis or abdomen
From 0 to 4 months - pediatric xrays are done:
AP supine - should try and use a 45 degree sponge
Peds kVp should be:
60-80, no grid
Why is it important to be erect for CXR?
Easier to get a large breath, diaphragm moves more to gain space for lungs
Shows air and fluid levels
Prevents engorgement of blood to the pulmonary blood vessels (hyperemia)
What should the distance be for a portable CXR?
40”-72”
How does AEC work?
mAs starts at 0 and it will adjust automatically for body part
What AEC cells should be on for a PA chest?
Two outer cells
What AEC cells should be on for a lateral chest?
Center cells
What do the AEC cells do?
Count the xrays
What does the body habitus button control?
kVp
Why should you use a fast screen with peds?
Decreases motion and patient expsoure
What is the medical term for Adam’s apple?
Thyroid cartilage
What verterbra does the Carina line up with?
T4-T5
What level is the Laryngeal prominence?
C5
What level is the Trachea?
C6 to T4
How should a decub be performed for fluid?
Suspected side should be down
How should a decub be peformed for air?
Affected side should be up
How should R/L Anterior obliques be performed?
Suspected side should be away from IR
How sould R/L Posterior Obliques be performed?
Suspected side should be closest to the IR
