Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae?
Body
What are the two main parts of the vertebrae?
Body and verterbral arch
What is a half ring of bone that helps make up the vertebral foramen?
Arch
What makes up the vertebral canal?
All of the vertebral foramen
What does the spinal cord fit through?
Vertebral canal
What is the arch made up of on a typical vertebra?
Pedicles, laminae, a spinous process, and transverse process
What is the function of intervertebral joints and Zygapopyseal joints?
Allow for flexibility and movement in the spine
Where are interverterbal joints located?
Between the vertebral bodies
What makes up Zygapophyseal joints?
4 artciular processes
Where are costovertebtal joints located?
T-spine only
What forms the interverterbral foramina?
Superior and inferior notches of adjoining pedicles
What passes through the intervertebral foramina?
Spinal nerves and blood
What makes up the intervertebral disk?
Outer fibrous portion called the annulus fibrosus and the soft jelly like part called the nucleus pulposus
What are the intervertebral disks?
Fibrocartiliginous disks between the bodies of vertebrae except 1st and 2nd cervical vertabrae
What causes a slipped disk or HNP (herniated nucleus pulposus)
When the nucleus pulposus (soft jelly part) protrudes through the fibrous layer, pressing on the spinal cord
Where does the spinal canal start and end?
Starts at the base of the skull and extends into sacrum - it follows the curves of the spinal vertebra
What is located within the spinal canal?
Spinal cord and filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Where does the spinal cord start and end?
Starts at the medulla oblongata in the brain, moves through all of the vertebrae until about the 1st lumbar vertebrae, then it tapers off into the conus medullaris
Function of intervertebral disks?
Separate the vertebrae and provide cushion, spacing, movement, and stability
Where does the cervical spine start and end?
C1 through C7
How do cervical vertebrae look compared to other?
Show little resemblance, get larger as they move down
Various characteristics of cspine vertebrae?
Bifid spinous process tips, overlapping vertebral bodies, and transverse foramina
What is C1 called and why is it unique?
Atlas - it has no vertebral body but has a thick arch called the anterior arch
What does the anterior archof C1 include?
Anterior tubercle
What is the ligament located on the atlas and what is it’s function?
Atlantal ligament - holds the ondontoid (dens) in place. Fits like a ring on a finger
What do the superior articular processes of C1 articulate with?
Occipital condyles of the skull
What is the articulation called between the occipital condyles and C1?
Atlantooccipital Articulation
The segments of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes (on C1) are called:
Lateral masses
What does C1 supports the weight of?
The head
What is C2 called and what is it’s function?
Axis - where the rotation of the head occurs
How does C2 appear on open mouth projections?
C2 hides behind the jaw and teeth, but parts of it should still be seen
What projection is used to see zygapophyseal joints for C1 and C2?
AP open mouth projection
What makes up the transverse process on C3-C6 vertebrae?
The pedicle and body.
What passes through transverse foramina?
Nerves, arteries, and veins
How many foramina does a typical cervical vertebrae consist of?
3 vertical foramina
What does a typical cervical vertebrae end with?
Bifid tip
What projection is used to see Zygapophyseal joints for C3-C6?
Lateral cspine
What projection is used to see the cervical intervertebral foramina?
45 degree oblique position with a 15-20 cephalic angle
What is the bony landmark the is created by C7?
Vertebral prominens
How do you count the cervical vertebrae for AP and lateral projections?
AP - C7 up
Lateral - C1 down
Where does Tspine start and end?
T1-T12
Each tspine vertebrae has a _______ for a rib:
Facet
Why is it wrong to call the tpsine the dorsal spine?
Because all vertebrae are dorsal in the body
How are costovertebral joints formed?
Full facet or demi-facets accept a head of a rib
What type of joints are specific to T1-T10 and what do they articulate with?
Costotransverse joints - articulate with the transverse process and rib
What is unique about T11-T12?
Only have rib articulations at the costovertebral joints
Where is the elongated spinous located?
On the very inferior T-spine
What creates the Zygapophyseal joint space?
Inferior articular processes face forward to meet the superior processes of the vertebrae below
What projection is needed to see Tspine Zygapophyseal joints?
Oblique 70-75 degree tspine
What projection is needed to see Tspine intervertebral foramina?
90 degree lateral
What makes up the tspine intervertebral foramina?
Superior and inferior margins of pedicles
Classification/Mobility type/Movement type for Atlanto-occipital joint
Synovial
Diarthrodial
Ellipsoid (Condyloid)
Classification/Mobility type/Movement type for R and L atlantoaxial
Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane (gliding)
Classification/Mobility type/Movement type for median atlantoaxial
Synovial
Diarthrodial
Pivot (trochoid)
Classification/Mobility type/Movement type for Intervertebral
Cartilaginous
Amphiarthrodial
N/A
Classification/Mobility type/Movement type Zygapophyseal (C spine)
Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane (gliding)
Classification/Mobility type/Movement type Costovertebral
Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane (gliding)
Classification/Mobility type/Movement type for Costotransverse
Synovial
Diarthrodial
Plane (gliding)
How do t-spine superior and inferior articular proccesses face?
Superior - posterior
Inferior - anterior
Cervical spine - what angle is used for a posterior oblique positon?
15-20 degrees cephalic
Cervical spine - what angle is used for an anterior oblique positon?
15-20 degrees caudal
Cervical spine - what foramina is visualized in a posterior oblique position?
LPO - right foramina
RPO - left foramina
Cervical spine - what foramina is visualized in a anterior oblique position?
LAO - left foramina
RAO - right formina
What side is “upside” and “downside” when doing a c-spine oblique?
Upside - side farthest away from IR (posterior projections)
Downside - side closest to IR (anterior projections)
Thoracic spine - what Z joint is visualized in a anterior oblique position?
LAO - left z joint
RAO - right z joint
Thoracic spine - what Z joint is visualized in a posterior oblique position?
LPO - right z joint
RPO - left z joint
What are the primary and secondary curves of the spine?
Primary - thoracic and sacral
Secondary - cervical and lumbar
How many vertebrae does a child and adult have?
Child - 33 (5 sacral, 4 coccyx)
Adult - 26
What T-spine vertebrae share features with cervical vertebrae?
T1-T4
What T-spine vertebrae have typical features?
T5-T8
What T-spine vertebrae have the same characteristics as lumbar vertebrae?
T9-T12
What c-spine vertebrae have a bifid tip?
C2-C6
