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Rad Positioning > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How many finger bones are in the hand and wrist?

A

27

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2
Q

Finger bones are also known as:

A

Digits

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3
Q

How many bones in the fingers?

A

14

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4
Q

What are the most distal bones of the hand?

A

Phalanges/phalanx

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5
Q

How are phalanx named?

A

By location to the midline - distal, middle, and proximal

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6
Q

How many bones in the thumb? How many in the rest of the fingers?

A

2, 3

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7
Q

How are the fingers numbered?

A

Thumb = 1
Index finger = 2.. etc

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8
Q

What does each phalanx consist of?

A

Head, body, and base

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9
Q

What are metacarpals?

A

Bones of the palm

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10
Q

How many bones are in the palm?

A

5

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11
Q

What part of the metacarpal is always on a radiograph?

A

Thumb

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12
Q

Carpal bones in the 1st proximal row - starting from radial side

A

Scaphoid (navicular)
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform

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13
Q

Carpal bones in the 2nd distal row - starting from radial side

A

Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

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14
Q

What are interphalangeal joints?

A

Spaces between two phalanx

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15
Q

What are distal interphalangeal joints?

A

Space between distal phalanx and middle phalanx

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16
Q

What are proximal interphalangeal joints?

A

Space between proximal and middle phalanx

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17
Q

What are the metacarpalphalangeal joints?

A

Space between the distal metacarpals and the proximal phalanx

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18
Q

What are the carpometacarpal joints?

A

Joints that join the carpals to the proximal metacarpals

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19
Q

Where is the styloid process located?

A

On the extreme distal ends of the radius and the ulna

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20
Q

Where/what is the ulnar notch?

A

Medial side of the radius. Head of the ulna fits into this notch

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21
Q

Where is included on the proxminal end of the radius?

A

Head and neck, and radial tuberosity

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22
Q

Is the radius or ulna shorter?

A

Radius

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23
Q

How does the radius articulate with the wrist?

A

Directly turns the wrist, primary bone

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24
Q

What does the ulna form?

A

Elbow

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25
Q

What are the two pointy processes of the proximal ulna?

A

Olecranon process
Coronoid process

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26
Q

Where is the coronoid tubercle located?

A

Medial side of ulna

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27
Q

What does the trochlear notch articulate with?

A

Distal end of the humerus

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28
Q

What is the radial notch?

A

Depression on the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna

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29
Q

What does the radial notch do?

A

Allows for rotation (pronation) of the forearm. Radius crosses over the ulna

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30
Q

What is the humeral condyle?

A

Whole distal end of the humerus; made up of 2 parts

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31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the humeral condyle?

A

Trochlea - articulates with the ulna and is shaped like a pulley

Capitulum - means little head; lateral aspect of humerus, articulates with the head of the radius

32
Q

Where is the lateral epicondyle?

A

Small projection on the lateral aspect of the humerus above the capitulum

33
Q

Where is the medial epicondyle?

A

More prominent condyle located on the medial edge of the distal humerus

34
Q

Function of the coronoid and radial fossa’s?

A

The coronoid process and the radial head fit into these fossa’s when the arm is flexed completely

35
Q

Location of the olecranon fossa?

A

Posterior side of the end of the distal humerus. This sits the olecranon process when the arm is extended

36
Q

What are the 3 concentric circles of the lateral elbow?

A

Trochlear sulcus
Outer ridges of capitulum and trochlea
Trochlear notch

37
Q

What bones open in ulnar deviation?

A

Wrist bones on the radial side - scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid

38
Q

What bones open in radial deviation?

A

Wrist bones on ulnar side - hamate, pisiform, triquetrum, and lunate

39
Q

What do fat pads indicate?

A

Disease
Injury
Fracture

40
Q

Where are fat pads located?

A

Extrasynovial (outside the synovial sac) but inside the capsule joint

41
Q

How many fat pads does the wrist have?

A

2 - scaphoid and pronator fat stripe

42
Q

How many fat pads does the elbow have? And what are they?

A

3 - anterior, posterior, and supinator fat stripe

43
Q

What do you need to see the anterior and posterior fat pads of the elbow?

A

90 degree flexion
True lateral
Optimum exposure (long scale)

44
Q

Technique for fingers

A

55-60 @ 1.6-2

45
Q

Technique for wrist

A

58-60 @ 2 - 2.5

46
Q

Technique for Humerus

A

70-75@ 6-10

47
Q

Technique for casts

A

Med plaster - 50%-60% mAs increase or 5-7 kVp

Large plaster - 100% mAs increase or 8-10 kVp

Fiberglass - 25%-30% mAs increase or 3-4 kVp

48
Q

What hand/wrist/elbow joints are ginglymus?

A

Interphalangeal joints
Elbow joint

49
Q

What hand/wrist/elbow joints are ellipsoidal?

A

Metocarpophalangeal joints
Wrist (radiocapral)

50
Q

What hand/wrist/elbow joints are Saddle?

A

Thumb

51
Q

What hand/wrist/elbow joints are Plane?

A

Carpometocarpal - 2nd through 5th digits
Intercapral joints

52
Q

What hand/wrist/elbow joints are pivot?

A

Proximal radioulnar

53
Q

Technique for Hand

A

60 @ 2-2.5

54
Q

Technique for Forearm

A

65 @ 2.5-4

55
Q

Technique for Elbow

A

65-70 @ 3-5

56
Q

How to adjust SID for tube angle

A

For every 5 degree angle, drop SID by 1”

57
Q

Name of hooklike process extending anteriorly from hamate?

A

Hamulus (hamular process)

58
Q

What are the ligaments used to stabilize the wrist?

A

Ulnar/Radial collateral ligaments
Dorsal radiocarpal
Palmar radiocarpal
TFCC
Scapholunate
Lunotriquetral

59
Q

What wrist ligament extends frm the styloid process of the radius to the lateral aspect of the scaphoid and trapezium?

A

Radial collateral ligament

60
Q

What routine projections best shows scaphoid fat pat?

A

PA and Oblique wrist

61
Q

What routine projections best shows pronator fat pad?

A

Lateral

62
Q

Radiographic procedure that used contrast to visualize soft tissue pathology of wrist/shoulder/elbow joints?

A

Arthrography

63
Q

What special positioning method is used for Bennett fracture?

A

Modified Robert’s w/ 15 degree angle proximally

64
Q

What is the Brewerton method?

A

CR angled 15 degrees towards ulna, hand is cupped 65 degrees

65
Q

What is Brewerton’s method used for?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

66
Q

What fracture is not demonstrated in a wrist routine?

A

Pott

67
Q

What special projection of the wrist helps to rule out abnormal calcifications in the capral sulcus?

A

Tangential Inferiosuperior

68
Q

What wrist bones articulate with the radius?

A

Scaphoid and Lunate (radiocarpal joint)

69
Q

What wrist ligament is attached to the styloid process of the ulna and the triquetrum/pisiform

A

Ulnar Collateral Ligament

70
Q

What projection is used for foreign bodies of the hand/fingers

A

Lateral in extension

71
Q

What projection is used for skier’s thumb?

A

Folio method

72
Q

What is the angle difference for carpel tunnel projection vs carpal bridge projection

A

Carpal tunnel - 25-30 degree angle proximally

Capral bridge - 45 degree angle distally

73
Q

What projections should be used if elbow cannot fully extend?

A

Humerus parallel to IR
Forearm parallel to IR

74
Q

What elbow projection is best to see the radial head/neck and capitulum?

A

Lateral oblique

75
Q

What elbow projection is best to see the coronoid process and trochlea

A

Medial oblique

76
Q

What is the Coyle method?

A

Radial head
-angle 45 degrees toward shoulder

Coronoid process
-angle 45 degress from shoulder

Rad Positioning (39 decks)

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