Chapter 1 (pages 1-15) Flashcards
Definition of Anatomy
The science of the structure of the human body
Definition of Physiology
How structures of the human body function
Structural Organization of Human Body
Chemical - Cells - Tissues - Organs - System - Organism
What happens at the Chemical level?
All chemicals necessary for maintaining life are composted of atoms.
Atoms join together to form molecules.
Molecules band together to form cells
Definition of Cells
Basic structural and functional unit of every human being. All parts are composed of cells.
Definition of Tissues
Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function.
Types of Tissues and their definition
Epithelial - tissue that covers internal and external surfaces of the body, including lining of vessels and organs
Connective - tissue that binds together and suports the various structures
Muscular - tissues that make up muscle
Nervous - tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers
Definition of Organ and Organ System
Organ - perform a specific function for the human body
Organ System - consists of organs that perform a common or related function
What are the 10 systems of the body?
Skeletal
Ciculatory
Digestive
Repiratory
Urinary
Reproductive
Nervous
Muscular
Endocrine
Integumentary
Functions of Skeletal System
Support and protect the body
Allow movement by working along with muscles
Produce blood cells
Stores calcium
What is the Circulatory System composed of?
Heart, blood, blood vessels, lymphatic system, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and lymph glands
What are the functions of the Circulatory System?
Distributes O2 and nutrients to cells
Carries cell waste and CO2 from cells
Transports H2O and electrolytes, hormones, and enzymes
Prevents hemorrhaging by forming blood clots
Protects against disease
Helps regulate body temp
What makes up the Digestive System?
Alimentary canal - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
Assessory organs
What are the functions of the Digestive System?
Prepares food for absorption by cells through chemical and physical breakdown processes
Eliminates solid waste
What makes up the Respiratory System?
Two lungs, nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree
What are the functions of the Respiratory System?
Supplies O2 in the blood
Eliminates CO2 in the blood
Assists in regulating acid-base balance of blood
Fuctions of the Urinary System
Produces, collects, and eliminates urine
Regulates chemical composition of blood
Eliminates many waste products
Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume
Maintains acid base balance of body
Functions of Reproductive System
To produce offspring
What makes up the Reproductive System (male and female)?
Male - testes, vas deferens, prostate, and penis
Female - ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
What makes up the Nervous System?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, ganglia, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears
Function of the Nervous System
Regulate body activities with electrical impulses which travel along nerves
What makes up the Muscular System?
Muscle tissue:
Visceral - smooth and involuntary, located in the walls of hollow internal organs
Skeletal - composed of most of the body’s muscle mass (43%), striated and under volutary control
Cardiac - found only in the walls of the heart, involuntary, and striated
Functions of the Muscular System
Allows movement
Maintains posture
Produces heat
What makes up the Endocrine System?
Ductless glands including the testes, ovaries, pancreas, adrenals, thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, pineal, and pituitary
Function of the Endocrine System
Regulate body activity by release of hormones through the bloodstream
What makes up the Integumentary System?
Skin and all structures derived from it - hair, sweat, nails, and oil glands
Function of the Integumentary System
Regulates body temp
Protects the body
Receives stimulus
Eliminates waste through perspiration
Definition of Osteology
Study of bones
Definition of Arthrology
Study of joints
How many bones is the adult body composed of?
206
What two parts is the human skeleton divided into?
Axial
Appendicular
What is the Axial skeleton composed of?
Skull, verterbal column, ribs, and sternum. It has 80 bones
What is the Appendicular skeleton composed of?
Upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
It has 126 bones.
What bones are not counted in the number of bones in the skeleton?
Seasmoid bones
What is the largest Sesamoid bone?
Patella (knee cap)
What are the classifications of bones?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Definition of Long Bones
Consist of a body and 2 ends, only found on appendicular skeleton
Ex: humerus, femur
Defintion of Short Bones
Cuboidal and short shaped
Ex: wrist bones
Definiton of Flat Bones
Consists of 2 plates of compact bone with spongy center
Ex: Scapula, sternum
Definition of Irregular Bones
Peculiar shaped, all other bones
Ex: facial bones, vertebrae
Definition of Ossification
The process by which bones form in the body
Defintion of Diaphysis
The primary center of ossification in bones
Defintion of Epiphysis
The secondary center at which bones form
Where are Epiphyseal plates found?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis until the skeletal growth is complete
When is full physical maturity reached?
25 years
Classification of Joints
Functional
Structural
-Fibrous
-Cartilaginous
-Synovial
Definition of Functional Joints
Classified by mobility or lack of mobility
Types of Functional Joints
Synarthrosis - immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis - limited movement
Diarthrosis - freely moveable
Definition of Structural Joint
Classified by the type of tissue that separates the ends of the bone
Definition of Fibrous Joint
Lacks a joint cavity. Held together by fibrous connective tissue.
Types of Fibrous Joints
Syndesmoses joint (distal tibiofibular) joint)
Sutures - of the skull
Gomphoses - teeth
Definition of Cartilaginous Joints
Held together by cartilage
Types of Cartilaginous Joints
Symphses - such as the public symphsis
Synchondroses - temporary form of a join such as a epiphyseal plate
Definition of Synovial Joints
Freely moveable joints characterized by a fibrous capsule containing synovial fluid
7 Movement of Synovial Joints
Plane (gliding)
Ginglymus (hinge)
Trochoid (pivot)
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
Sellar (saddle)
Spheroid (ball and socket)
Bicondylar
Definition and examples of Plane (gliding) Joints
Sliding or gliding motion
Intermetacarpal
Carpometalcarpal
Intercarpal joints of the hand and wrist
Definition and examples of Ginglymus (hinge) Joints
Permit flexion and extension
Interphalangeal joints of the fingers and toe
Ankle and elbow joints
Defintion and examples of Trochoid (pivot) Joints
Provide rotational movements
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
C1 and C2 vertebrae
Defintion and examples of Ellipsoid (condyloid) Joints
provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Wrist joints
Defintion and examples of Sellar (saddle) Joints
provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction
Thumb
Defintion and examples of Spheroid (ball and socket) Joints
Greatest freedom of motion. Provides flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation
Hip and shoulder joints
Defintion and examples of Bicondylar Joints
Provide movement in a single direction.
Knee and tempomandibular joint
Composition of Long Bones
Outer shell is compact bone
The body (shaft) contains a thicker layer of compact bone than found at the ends
Spongy bone is found inside the compact bone and both ends of long bone, contains red bone marrow which is resposible for the production of red blood cells
Body is hollow and is known as the medullary cavity. The cavity contains yellow marrow
Periosteum covers bone except at the articulating surfaces. Essential for bone growth, repair and nutrition
Hyaline cartiage covers articulating surfaces
Nutrient artery passes through the bone via a nutrient foramen into the medullary cavity
4 types of body habitus
Sthentic - average in shape
Hyposthentic - more slender than average
Hypersthenic - broad frame compared to average
Asthenic - Very thin or slender with a long and narrow build
Example of long bones
Humerus, femur
Example of short bones
Wrist and ankle bones
Example of flat bones
Sternum, ribs, scapula
Example of irregular bones
Vertebrae, facial bones, base of cranium, pelvic bones
What is intramembranous ossification?
Occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection - sutures of flat bones of skull cap
What is endochondral ossification?
Bone replaces cartilage - occurs in mostly long bones
