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Rad Positioning > Chapter 11 - Skull > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Skull Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the skull

A

8 cranial
14 facial

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2
Q

What bones make up the skull cap

A

Frontal
Right Parietal
Left Parietal
Occipital

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3
Q

What bones make up the skull floor

A

Right Temporal
Left Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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4
Q

What part of the frontal bone forms the forehead

A

Squamous or vertical portion

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5
Q

What is the smooth raised prominence between the eyebrows and above the bridge of the nose

A

Glabella

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6
Q

What is the slight depression above reach eyebrow

A

Supraorbital Groove

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7
Q

What is directly below each eyebrow

A

Supercilliary arch

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8
Q

What is the superior rim of each orbit

A

Supraorbital margin

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9
Q

What is the small foramen in the supraorbital margin

A

Supraorbital notch

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10
Q

What goes through the superorbital notch

A

An artery and a nerve

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11
Q

What are large prominences of the squamous portion of the frontal bone

A

Frontal tuberosity

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12
Q

The orbital or horizontal portion of the frontal bone can be better viewed from the ________ aspect

A

Inferior

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13
Q

What forms the superior part of the orbit

A

Orbital plate

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14
Q

What lies below the orbital plate

A

Facial bones

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15
Q

What is above the orbital plate

A

Anterior part of the floor of the brain case

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16
Q

Each orbital plate is separated by the ________ _____

A

Ethmoid notch

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17
Q

What makes up the lateral walls and roof of the cranium

A

Parietal bones

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18
Q

What makes up the widest portion of the skull

A

Parietal tubercles

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19
Q

What is the inferopostior portion of the calvarium

A

Occipital bone

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20
Q

What is the external surface of the occiptial bone

A

Squamous portion

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21
Q

The squamous portion of the occipital bone is superior to the ________ _____________

A

Occipital protuberance

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22
Q

Occipital protuberance is also known as the

A

Inion

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23
Q

Inferior to the inion is the _______ _______

A

Foramen magnum

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24
Q

What does foramen magnum mean

A

Great hole

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25
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum

A

Spinal cord

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26
Q

Two part articulation between the skull and the cervical spine is called the ______-______ joint

A

Atlantoccipital joint

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27
Q

What are the 3 primary parts of the temporal bones

A

Squamous, mastoid, and petrous portion

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28
Q

Temporal bones house complex structures of ___________ and ________

A

Hearing and balance

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29
Q

What starts from the temporal bone and extends anteriorly to one of the facial bones

A

Zygomatic process

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30
Q

What is the EAM

A

External Auditory Meatus

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31
Q

Where is the TMJ located

A

Inferior to the zygomatic process
Anterior to EAM

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32
Q

What is the slender bone projection between the mandible and EAM

A

Styloid process

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33
Q

What portion of the temporal bone is thin and very vulnerable to fracture

A

Squamous portion

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34
Q

What portion of the temportal bone is posterior to the EAM

A

Mastoid portion

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35
Q

What makes up the upper portion of the petrous pyramid

A

Petrous ridge

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36
Q

What is the thickest, most dense bone in the cranium

A

Petrous pyramid

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37
Q

Petrous pyramids house organs of _________

A

Hearing and equilibrium

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38
Q

Level of the petrous pyramids are at the level of the _____

A

TEA (top of ear attachment)

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39
Q

What are the two foramen called of the petrous pyramid

A

Jugular foramen

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40
Q

What is the opening superior to the jugular foramen

A

Internal acoustic meatus

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41
Q

Internal acoustic meatus tranmits the nerves of ______ and ______

A

Hearing and equilibrium

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42
Q

What bones forms the anchor for all 8 cranial bones

A

Sphenoid

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43
Q

What is the central depression of the body of the sphenoid bone

A

Sella Turcica

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44
Q

What gland does the sella turcica partially surround and protect

A

Pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri

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45
Q

What is seen in the back of the sella turcica in a lateral view

A

Dorsum sallae

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46
Q

The clivus forms the base of support for the ____ portion of the brain and the _____ artery

A

Pons
Basilar

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47
Q

The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone end ______ and forms the _______

A

Medially
Anterior clinoid process

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48
Q

Between the lesser wings and the anterior bodies are groove like canals which begin the:

A

Optic groove

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49
Q

Where does the optical groove end

A

Optic foramen

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50
Q

What view are optic foramen seen

A

PA obliques of the orbits

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51
Q

What extends from the sides of the sphenoid body and forms a portion of the cranium floor

A

Greater wings

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52
Q

What are the 3 foramen located on the greater wings

A

Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum

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53
Q

Where does the ethmoid bone lie

A

Mostly beneath the floor of the cranium

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54
Q

The ethmoid bone sits in the ____ ____ of the frontal bone

A

Ethmoid notch

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55
Q

What is the small horiztonal portion of the ethmoid

A

Cribiform plate

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56
Q

The cribiform plate contains many small openings for:

A

Olfactory nerves

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57
Q

What is the small projection from the cribiform plate tht is similar to a roosters comb

A

Crista galli

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58
Q

Projecting downwards in the midline of the ethmoid is the:

A

Perpendicular plate

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59
Q

What does the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid help form

A

Nasal septum

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60
Q

What is suspended from the undersurface of the cribiform plate

A

2 lateral labyrinths (masses)

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61
Q

The ethmoid lateral masses contain:

A

Ethmoid air cells

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62
Q

What do the ethmoid lateral masses help to form

A

Medial orbital walls
Lateral walls of the nasal cavity

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63
Q

What extends from each labyrinth

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

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64
Q

What does the coronal suture separate

A

Frontal and two parietals

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65
Q

What does the Sagittal suture separate

A

Two parietals from midline

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66
Q

What does the Lambdoidal suture separate

A

Two parietals from occipital

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67
Q

What does the Squamosal suture separate

A

Inferior junction of each parietal bone with their respective temporal bone

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68
Q

Anterior end of the sagittal suture

A

Bregma

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69
Q

Posterior end of the sagittal suture

A

Lambda

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70
Q

Points at the junctions between the sphenoid, temporals, and parietals

A

Pterions

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71
Q

Posterior to the ear where the squamosal and lamboidal sutures meet

A

Asterions

72
Q

What makes up the external ear

A

Aurical
EAM

73
Q

The Aurical channels ________ ________ to the EAM

A

Sounds waves

74
Q

Where does the EAM end

A

Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

75
Q

The actual tube like portion of the EAM is called the

A

Acoustic canal

76
Q

Middle ear contains:

A

Air

77
Q

Where is the middle ear located

A

Between the eardrum and the inner ear

78
Q

What are the 3 small bones called of the middle ear

A

Auditory ossicles

79
Q

Function of auditory ossicles

A

Trasmit sound interactions from eardrum to the oval window of the internal ear

80
Q

What are the 3 bones of the auditory ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

81
Q

Which auditory ossicle is slightly anterior and the most lateral

A

Malleus

82
Q

What auditory ossicle is located in the middle of the malleus and the stapes

A

Incus

83
Q

What auditory ossicle is the most medial

A

Stapes

84
Q

What auditory osscile connects to the oval window of the cochlea

A

Stapes

85
Q

The tympanic cavity is located in what part of the ear?

A

Middle

86
Q

What is the superior portion of the tympanic cavity

A

Epitympanic attic

87
Q

The tympanic cavity proper communicates with which part of the pharynx through the auditory tube

A

Nasopharynx

88
Q

How long is the eustation tube

A

4 cm

89
Q

Function of the eustation tube

A

Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and outside pressure

90
Q

What part of the ear do ear infections occur

A

Eustation tube

91
Q

What part of the ear is attached to the drumcrest

A

Tympanic membrane

92
Q

What separates the EAM from the epitympanic recess

A

Drum crest

93
Q

The second communication to the middle ear occurs posteriorly to the mastoid air cells

A

Mastoids

94
Q

Opening between the mastoid air cells and epitympanic recess

A

Aditus

95
Q

The Aditus connects directly to the:

A

Antrum

96
Q

What is the large chamber before the air cells

A

Antrum

97
Q

What causes encephalitis

A

Infection crosses from the middle ear to the mastoid area

98
Q

What is the small bone separating the mastoid air cells from the brain

A

Tegmen tympani

99
Q

What makes up the osseous bony labyrinth of the inner ear

A

Cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals

100
Q

Internal ear contrains both sensory apparatus for _______ and _______

A

Hearing and equilibrium

101
Q

What part of the inner ear houses a long tubelike duct of the membranous labyrinth

A

Cochlea

102
Q

What part of the inner ear is the most anterior

A

Cochlea

103
Q

What part of the inner ear has a round window at the base of it

A

Cochlea

104
Q

What part of the inner ear is related to hearing

A

Cochlea

105
Q

What part of the inner ear is the central portion which contains the oval window

A

Vestibule

106
Q

What part of the inner ear is related to sense of equilibrium and direction

A

Semicircular canals

107
Q

How are the semicircular canals named

A

According to position - superior, posterior and lateral

108
Q

Each semicircular canal is located at what type of angle to each other

A

Right angle

109
Q

Frontal bone articulations

A

Right parietal
Left parietal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

110
Q

Parietal bone articulations

A

Frontal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Opposite parietal bones

111
Q

Occipital bone articulations

A

Two parietals
Two temporals
Sphenoid
Atlas

112
Q

Temporal bone articulations

A

Parietal
Occipital
Sphenoid

113
Q

Sphenoid bone articulations

A

All seven cranial bones

114
Q

Ethmoid bone articulations

A

Frontal
Sphenoid

115
Q

What are the soft spots in an infant

A

Anterior and posterior fontanels

116
Q

How big is the anterior fontanel and when does it close

A

1” wide
1.5” long
18 months

117
Q

What does the anterior fontanel turn into

A

Bregma

118
Q

What does the posterior fontanel turn into

A

Lambda

119
Q

What does the right sphenoid fontanel turn into

A

Right pterion

120
Q

What does the left sphenoid fontanel turn into

A

Left pterion

121
Q

What does the right mastoid fontanel turn into

A

Right asterion

122
Q

What does the left mastoid fontanel turn into

A

Left asterion

123
Q

What is perp to the IR in a Townes 30 degree position

A

OML

124
Q

What is seen in a Townes 30 degree position?

A

Occipital bone, petrous ridges above orbits, and dorsum sallae/posterior clinoid processes visuaulized in foramen magnum

125
Q

What causes dorsum sallae to be superior to foramen magnum in a 30 degree Townes position?

A

Underangulation/insufficient flexion

126
Q

What causes superimposition of the posterior arch of C1 and dorsum sallae in a 30 degree Townes position?

A

Overangulation/excessive neck flexion

127
Q

What is perp to the IR in a lateral skull position?

A

IPL and IOML

128
Q

What is parallel to the IR in a lateral skull position?

A

GAL

129
Q

What is in profile in a lateral skull position?

A

Sella turcica and dorsum sallae

130
Q

What causes anterior/posterior separation of the mandibular ramis in lateral skull position

A

Rotation

131
Q

What causes inferior/superior sepration of orbital plates and greater wings in lateral skull position

A

Tilt

132
Q

What is perp to IR in PA Axial?

A

OML and MSP

133
Q

What is seen in a PA Skull projection?

A

Occipital bone, petrous ridges fill orbits

134
Q

Where are petrous ridges in a Caudwell 15 degree?

A

Bottom 1/3 of orbit

135
Q

Where are petrous ridges in a Caudwell 30 degree?

A

Below orbit

136
Q

What are the two main parts of the frontal bone

A

Squamous/vertical portion
Orbital/horizontal portion

137
Q

What makes up the squamous portion of the frontal bone

A

Glabella
Supraorbital Groove
Supraorbital Margin
Superorbital Notch
Frontal Tuberosity

138
Q

What makes up the horizontal portion of the frontal bone

A

Supraorbital margin
Supraciliary ridges
Glabella
Frontal tuberositites
Orbital plate

139
Q

Where are the greater wings of the sphenoid bone compared to the parietal bones

A

Inferior and anterior

140
Q

What type of joint is the atlantoccipital joint

A

Ellipsoidal

141
Q

Where are the occipital condyles located?

A

On each side of the foramen magnum

142
Q

Names of the petrous portion

A

Petrous pyramid
Pars petrosa
Petromastoid portion

143
Q

What cranial nerves pass thorugh the jugular foramen

A

9, 10 and 11

144
Q

The posterior clinoid processes extend superiorly from the:

A

Dorsum sallae

145
Q

What are the four processes extending from the body of the sphenoid

A

Lateral pterygoid processes (plates)
Medial pterygoid processes

146
Q

What is the small hooklike process extending from the medial pterygoid process

A

Pterygoid hamulus

147
Q

What are the small irregular bones that develop in adult skull sutures

A

Sutural or wormian bones

148
Q

Where are sutural/wormian bones most often found

A

Lambdoidal suture

149
Q

What is the small liplike structure located anterior to the EAM and acts like a partial shield

A

Tragus

150
Q

What is the size of the EAM and what is is made up of

A

1” long
Half bony structure, half cartilage

151
Q

3 main parts of the middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane
Auditory ossicles
Tympanic cavity

152
Q

What are the two parts of the tympanic cavity

A

Tympanic cavity proper
Epitympanic recess (attic)

153
Q

What separates the EAM from the epitympanic recess

A

Drum crest

154
Q

2 parts of the internal ear

A

Osseous/bony Labyrinth
Membranous labyrinth

155
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth

A

A series of intercommunicating ducts and sacs

156
Q

What is the endolymphatic duct?

A

A blind pouch or closed duct contained in a small, canal-like, bony structure

157
Q

Function of the oval window

A

Receives vibrations from the external ear through the stapes and transmits these vibrations to the internal ear

158
Q

Function of the round window

A

Allows movement of fluid within the closed duct system

159
Q

As the ____ window moves inward with a vibration, the ______ window moves outward

A

Oval
Round

160
Q

What creates the sense of hearing

A

Vibrations and fluid movements within the cochlea produce impulses that are trasmitted to the auditory nerve within the internal acoustic meatus

161
Q

The shape of the average head is termed:

A

Mesocephalic

162
Q

What is the width to length percentage for mesocephalic

A

Width is 75-80% of length

163
Q

What is the width to length percentage for brachycephalic

A

80% or greater than length

164
Q

What is the width to length percentage for dolichocephalic

A

Less than 75% of the length

165
Q

What is the average angle between the petrous pyramids and the MSP

A

47 degrees

166
Q

What structures of the sphenoid bone help form part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

Medial and lateral pterygoid processes

167
Q

What is perpendicular in Haas projection

A

OML

168
Q

What angle is used for Haas projection

A

25 degree cephalic

169
Q

Wahat is parallel to IR in SMV projection

A

IOML

170
Q

Where does the CR exit in Haas projection?

A

1.5” above nasion

171
Q

What bones make up pterions

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid

172
Q

Where are pterions located

A

Posterior end of sphenoparietal suture

173
Q

Asterions are located between what two sutures

A

Squamosal and lambdoidal

174
Q

The frontal bone articulates with how many facial bones

A

8

175
Q

The temporal bone articulates with how many facial bones

A

2

176
Q

The sphenoid bone articulates with how many facial bones

A

5

177
Q

The ethmoid bone articulates with how many facial bones

A

11

Rad Positioning (39 decks)

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