Part 9: Gastrointestinal system II Flashcards
stomach is _____ that is where? vasculature from? function?
Muscular sac that stores food temporarily
Intraperitoneal in LUQ
Vasculature from celiac trunk (foregut)
Mechanically breaks down bolus of food (mixing & churning - segmentation) -Through contractions of muscular wall
Chemically & enzymatically digests food -Through actions of secreted acid & enzymes
Mixes bolus & gastric juices to form chyme (viscous, acidic, soupy mixture)
label stomach
blue: fundus
green: greater curvature
red: body
yellow: pyloric canal
purple: lesser curvature
orange: cardia
stomach epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
folds in stomach epithelium is ____
rugae
___ layers of smooth muscle in stomach wall : _______
3 layers of smooth muscles: inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal
gastric gland cell label
yellow: surface mucous cell -> mucous
teal: mucous neck cell -> mucous
pink: parietal cell -> HCl
purple: chief cell -> pepsin, lipase
blue: neuroendocrine cell -> gastrin
small & large intestines epithelium
simple columnar epithelium
small intestine parts
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
small intestine is specialized for ____
absorption: circular folds (plicae circulares), villi, & microvilli
small intestine is where?
intraperitoneal (exception: most of the duodenum)
small intestine starts from _____to the ____;found in all _____
pyloric orifice of the stomach
ileocecal valve (beginning of large intestine)
quadrants
Duodenum (descr.) + where? receives __ from stomach, secretions of ____ (via ___)
25 cm C-shaped segment in RUQ
Both intra & retroperitoneal
Receives chyme from stomach
Receives secretions of pancreas & liver (via gallbladder)
Duodenum is responsible for digestion of _______
fat, proteins, & sugars
Vasculature of duodenum is _____
anastomosis of the celiac (C) & SMA branches
_____ provide abundant alkaline mucous to ______ entering duodenum (with pancreatic buffers)
Brunner’s glands
neutralize acid contents
Brunner’s glands found in ____
submucosal layer
Bile secreted by ____& stored in the _____into the duodenum- aid in digestion of ____
Liver
gallbladder
lipids
Chyme in duodenum stimulates mucosa to produce hormones (____) to release _____.
secretin & cholecystokinin - CCK
pancreatic juice & bile
pancreas secretes enzymes though ____ that aid in digestion _____ + _____
hepatopancreatic ampulla
of fats, proteins, & carbs + bicarbonate buffer
pancreas is where?
- Posterior to stomach, between duodenum & spleen
- Retroperitoneal (upper quadrants)
pancreas vasculature
anastomosis of celiac & SMA branches
pancreas is ____ gland
endocrine & exocrine gland
pancreas secretion + function
Secretes digestive enzymes –>Digest food in small intestine
Secretes bicarbonate buffer –>Neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach, Establishes alkaline pH for pancreatic digestive enzymes
pancreas anatomy
red: abdominal aorta
green: splenic artery
blue: main pancreatic duct (into hepatopancreatic ampulla)
purple: splenic vein
endocrine secretion of pancreas
-Hormones such as glucagon (alpha), insulin (beta), & somatostatin (delta) by cells in Islets of Langerhans
Exocrine secretion (pancreatic juice) of pancreas
Pancreatic acini -functional unit of exocrine pancreas, secretes juice
Water, ions, & digestive enzymes
Buffers (sodium bicarbonate)
Neutralize acidic chyme, break down ingested material
Pancreatic acinus: 2 types of cells
Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteinase)
Centroacinar cells secrete bicarbonate buffer & regulate pre-enzyme release from acinar cells
label pancreatic acinus
yellow: secretory granules
purple: acinar cells (secretory unit)
blue: duct
red: centroacinar cells (bicarbonate production)
Pancreatic duct picks up ______secretion to the _____.
_____merges with the main pancreatic duct
Enters the duodenum at the ______
exocrine
duodenum
Bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)
Largest gland in the body
liver
liver is where? serves a wide variety of ____, both ____ functions
intraperitoneal - upper quadrants
metabolic & secretory functions
endocrine & exocrine
vasculature of liver
celiac trunk (hepatic artery) & hepatic portal vein
major functions of liver
-metabolic regulation (carbohydrate, protein, fat)–> regulates levels of nutrients, remove toxic compounds + waste absorbed from intestines
-hematological regulation –> destroy old RBC, pathogens, secretes plasma proteins into blood
-synthesis & secretion of bile
bile contains ____
water, ions, bilirubin, bile salts
label liver
red: left lobe
blue: right lobe
orange: gall bladder
black: portal triad : bile duct, hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein
yellow: left hepatic vein
green: inferior vena cava
spleen is behind/beside ___
stomach
Blood with appropriate levels of metabolites is carried from liver to_____by ____
inferior vena cava
(left & right) hepatic veins
Large lipids delivered directly to the general circulation via the _____
lymphatic system
label histology of liver
(top: left to right)
interlobular septum (CT)
bile canaliculi
sinusoid
kupffer cell (macrophage)
central vein
(bottom: left to right)
liver lobules made of hepatocytes
portal area
hepatocytes (epithelium of liver)
Set of (exocrine) surfaces that face each hepatocytes (epithelial tight junctions) form small channels called _____. secrete ___ into it
canaliculi
bile
Bile from the liver is concentrated & stored in the ________(muscular sac)
gallbladder
label gallbladder + ducts
blue: gallbladder top to bottom: neck, body, fundus
green: hepatic ducts: left + right
red: common hepatic ducts
yellow: cystic duct
purple: bile duct
Hepatopancreatic sphincter closed - bile flows into _____
gallbladder via cystic duct
Hepatopancreatic sphincter open - bile flows into _____
duodenum via bile duct
Presence of chyme in duodenum induces release of hormone ______ which induces _____
cholecystokinin (CCK)
relaxation of sphincter & contraction of the gallbladder
Jejunum is where? vasculature? begins at?
2nd segment, upper quadrants, intraperitoneal
SMA & vein (midgut)
Begins at the duodenojejunal flexure
jejunum is responsible for _____. descr.
Majority of nutrient absorption:
Thicker walls, larger diameter, & redder in colour than ileum
the jejunum has ____ that are usually more in number than ___
Larger plicae circulares (folds)
ileum
ileum is where? vasculature?
lower quadrants, intraperitoneal
SMA & vein (midgut)
ileum is responsible for _____
Absorption of the remaining nutrients
ileum connects to _______ via _____
large intestine (cecum)
Ileocecal valve
ileum contains _______ which protects small intestine from _____
Lymph nodules (Peyer’s patches)
protects from colonic bacteria
SA of small intestine _____ due to ___
large (2 million cm2)
villi
epithelium of villus cells + function
(top to bottom)
Absorptive cell (main epithelial cell)- has microvilli
Goblet cell (mucin)/mucus
Enteroendocrine cell (regulators by releasing many hormones)
Paneth cell (immunity: secretions kill some bacteria – determine gut flora)
sugar digested into ____
proteins “” into ___
both enter ______
monosaccharides
a.a
hepatic portal circulation through capillary
fats digested to become –> _____ –> ____ –> _____ which enters _____
fatty acids
chylomicrons
chyle
thoracic duct (lymph vessel) through lacteals (smalle lymph vessels -like capillaries)
large intestine where? vasculature?
all quadrants; Both intra (cecum, transverse, & sigmoid) & retroperitoneal (ascending, descending, rectum)
SMA & IMA & veins (midgut & hindgut)
large intestine parts
Cecum (appendix), ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum
large intestine functions
-Reabsorbs water & electrolytes
-Absorbs important vitamins produced by colonic bacteria (no digestive enzyme) -e.g. vitamin K, vitamin B12
-Compacts & stores (rectum) feces
label large intestine
left: top to bottom
-right colic (hepatic) flexure
-ascending colon
-ileocecal valve
-cecum
-appendix
right: top to bottom
-transverse colon
-left colic (splenic) fixture
-descending colon
-teniae coli = longitudinal smooth muscle layer
-haustrum (haustra)
-rectum
(middle)
sigmoid colon
teniae coli is ______
Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle come together in large intesine
colonic epithelium (epithelium for colon) has more ___
goblet cells to produce mucus to move things to rectum
colonic epithelium has this instead of this (seen in small intestine)
crypts (invaginations)
villi
label colonic epithelium
green: colonic gland (crypt)
blue: lymphoid nodule
red: absorptive cell
yellow: goblet cell
rectum epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
rectum is ____
Temporary storage for feces
fullness of rectum triggers _____
the urge to defecate (into the anal canal)
label top to bottom
rectum
anus
anal canal epithelium
From non keratinized to keratinized (skin) stratified squamous epithelium
innervation of anal canal + muscle type
Part autonomic (smooth muscle – internal anal sphincter) & part somatic (external anal sphincter)
The _______ represents the transition point from _____of the anal canal to ______of the anus
anocutaneous line
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
black: Iliococcygeus
grey: puborectalis
green: internal anal sphincter
yellow: anocutaneous line
orange: external anal sphincter
