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z:Anat 200 > Part 9: Gastrointestinal system II > Flashcards

Part 9: Gastrointestinal system II Flashcards

1
Q

stomach is _____ that is where? vasculature from? function?

A

Muscular sac that stores food temporarily
Intraperitoneal in LUQ
Vasculature from celiac trunk (foregut)

Mechanically breaks down bolus of food (mixing & churning - segmentation) -Through contractions of muscular wall
Chemically & enzymatically digests food -Through actions of secreted acid & enzymes
Mixes bolus & gastric juices to form chyme (viscous, acidic, soupy mixture)

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2
Q

label stomach

A

blue: fundus
green: greater curvature
red: body
yellow: pyloric canal
purple: lesser curvature
orange: cardia

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3
Q

stomach epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium

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4
Q

folds in stomach epithelium is ____

A

rugae

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5
Q

___ layers of smooth muscle in stomach wall : _______

A

3 layers of smooth muscles: inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

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6
Q

gastric gland cell label

A

yellow: surface mucous cell -> mucous
teal: mucous neck cell -> mucous
pink: parietal cell -> HCl
purple: chief cell -> pepsin, lipase
blue: neuroendocrine cell -> gastrin

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7
Q

small & large intestines epithelium

A

simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

small intestine parts

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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9
Q

small intestine is specialized for ____

A

absorption: circular folds (plicae circulares), villi, & microvilli

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10
Q

small intestine is where?

A

intraperitoneal (exception: most of the duodenum)

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11
Q

small intestine starts from _____to the ____;found in all _____

A

pyloric orifice of the stomach
ileocecal valve (beginning of large intestine)
quadrants

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12
Q

Duodenum (descr.) + where? receives __ from stomach, secretions of ____ (via ___)

A

25 cm C-shaped segment in RUQ
Both intra & retroperitoneal
Receives chyme from stomach
Receives secretions of pancreas & liver (via gallbladder)

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13
Q

Duodenum is responsible for digestion of _______

A

fat, proteins, & sugars

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14
Q

Vasculature of duodenum is _____

A

anastomosis of the celiac (C) & SMA branches

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15
Q

_____ provide abundant alkaline mucous to ______ entering duodenum (with pancreatic buffers)

A

Brunner’s glands
neutralize acid contents

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16
Q

Brunner’s glands found in ____

A

submucosal layer

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17
Q

Bile secreted by ____& stored in the _____into the duodenum- aid in digestion of ____

A

Liver
gallbladder
lipids

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18
Q

Chyme in duodenum stimulates mucosa to produce hormones (____) to release _____.

A

secretin & cholecystokinin - CCK
pancreatic juice & bile

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19
Q

pancreas secretes enzymes though ____ that aid in digestion _____ + _____

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla
of fats, proteins, & carbs + bicarbonate buffer

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20
Q

pancreas is where?

A
  • Posterior to stomach, between duodenum & spleen
  • Retroperitoneal (upper quadrants)
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21
Q

pancreas vasculature

A

anastomosis of celiac & SMA branches

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22
Q

pancreas is ____ gland

A

endocrine & exocrine gland

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23
Q

pancreas secretion + function

A

Secretes digestive enzymes –>Digest food in small intestine
Secretes bicarbonate buffer –>Neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach, Establishes alkaline pH for pancreatic digestive enzymes

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24
Q

pancreas anatomy

A

red: abdominal aorta
green: splenic artery
blue: main pancreatic duct (into hepatopancreatic ampulla)
purple: splenic vein

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25
Q

endocrine secretion of pancreas

A

-Hormones such as glucagon (alpha), insulin (beta), & somatostatin (delta) by cells in Islets of Langerhans

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26
Q

Exocrine secretion (pancreatic juice) of pancreas

A

Pancreatic acini -functional unit of exocrine pancreas, secretes juice
Water, ions, & digestive enzymes
Buffers (sodium bicarbonate)
Neutralize acidic chyme, break down ingested material

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27
Q

Pancreatic acinus: 2 types of cells

A

Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteinase)
Centroacinar cells secrete bicarbonate buffer & regulate pre-enzyme release from acinar cells

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28
Q

label pancreatic acinus

A

yellow: secretory granules
purple: acinar cells (secretory unit)
blue: duct
red: centroacinar cells (bicarbonate production)

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29
Q

Pancreatic duct picks up ______secretion to the _____.
_____merges with the main pancreatic duct
Enters the duodenum at the ______

A

exocrine
duodenum
Bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater)

30
Q

Largest gland in the body

A

liver

31
Q

liver is where? serves a wide variety of ____, both ____ functions

A

intraperitoneal - upper quadrants
metabolic & secretory functions
endocrine & exocrine

32
Q

vasculature of liver

A

celiac trunk (hepatic artery) & hepatic portal vein

33
Q

major functions of liver

A

-metabolic regulation (carbohydrate, protein, fat)–> regulates levels of nutrients, remove toxic compounds + waste absorbed from intestines
-hematological regulation –> destroy old RBC, pathogens, secretes plasma proteins into blood
-synthesis & secretion of bile

34
Q

bile contains ____

A

water, ions, bilirubin, bile salts

35
Q

label liver

A

red: left lobe
blue: right lobe
orange: gall bladder
black: portal triad : bile duct, hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein
yellow: left hepatic vein
green: inferior vena cava

36
Q

spleen is behind/beside ___

A

stomach

37
Q

Blood with appropriate levels of metabolites is carried from liver to_____by ____

A

inferior vena cava
(left & right) hepatic veins

38
Q

Large lipids delivered directly to the general circulation via the _____

A

lymphatic system

39
Q

label histology of liver

A

(top: left to right)
interlobular septum (CT)
bile canaliculi
sinusoid
kupffer cell (macrophage)
central vein

(bottom: left to right)
liver lobules made of hepatocytes
portal area
hepatocytes (epithelium of liver)

40
Q

Set of (exocrine) surfaces that face each hepatocytes (epithelial tight junctions) form small channels called _____. secrete ___ into it

A

canaliculi
bile

41
Q

Bile from the liver is concentrated & stored in the ________(muscular sac)

A

gallbladder

42
Q

label gallbladder + ducts

A

blue: gallbladder top to bottom: neck, body, fundus
green: hepatic ducts: left + right
red: common hepatic ducts
yellow: cystic duct
purple: bile duct

43
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter closed - bile flows into _____

A

gallbladder via cystic duct

44
Q

Hepatopancreatic sphincter open - bile flows into _____

A

duodenum via bile duct

45
Q

Presence of chyme in duodenum induces release of hormone ______ which induces _____

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)
relaxation of sphincter & contraction of the gallbladder

46
Q

Jejunum is where? vasculature? begins at?

A

2nd segment, upper quadrants, intraperitoneal
SMA & vein (midgut)
Begins at the duodenojejunal flexure

47
Q

jejunum is responsible for _____. descr.

A

Majority of nutrient absorption:
Thicker walls, larger diameter, & redder in colour than ileum

48
Q

the jejunum has ____ that are usually more in number than ___

A

Larger plicae circulares (folds)
ileum

49
Q

ileum is where? vasculature?

A

lower quadrants, intraperitoneal
SMA & vein (midgut)

50
Q

ileum is responsible for _____

A

Absorption of the remaining nutrients

51
Q

ileum connects to _______ via _____

A

large intestine (cecum)
Ileocecal valve

52
Q

ileum contains _______ which protects small intestine from _____

A

Lymph nodules (Peyer’s patches)
protects from colonic bacteria

53
Q

SA of small intestine _____ due to ___

A

large (2 million cm2)
villi

54
Q

epithelium of villus cells + function

A

(top to bottom)
Absorptive cell (main epithelial cell)- has microvilli
Goblet cell (mucin)/mucus
Enteroendocrine cell (regulators by releasing many hormones)
Paneth cell (immunity: secretions kill some bacteria – determine gut flora)

55
Q

sugar digested into ____
proteins “” into ___
both enter ______

A

monosaccharides
a.a
hepatic portal circulation through capillary

56
Q

fats digested to become –> _____ –> ____ –> _____ which enters _____

A

fatty acids
chylomicrons
chyle
thoracic duct (lymph vessel) through lacteals (smalle lymph vessels -like capillaries)

57
Q

large intestine where? vasculature?

A

all quadrants; Both intra (cecum, transverse, & sigmoid) & retroperitoneal (ascending, descending, rectum)
SMA & IMA & veins (midgut & hindgut)

58
Q

large intestine parts

A

Cecum (appendix), ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon, rectum

59
Q

large intestine functions

A

-Reabsorbs water & electrolytes
-Absorbs important vitamins produced by colonic bacteria (no digestive enzyme) -e.g. vitamin K, vitamin B12
-Compacts & stores (rectum) feces

60
Q

label large intestine

A

left: top to bottom
-right colic (hepatic) flexure
-ascending colon
-ileocecal valve
-cecum
-appendix

right: top to bottom
-transverse colon
-left colic (splenic) fixture
-descending colon
-teniae coli = longitudinal smooth muscle layer
-haustrum (haustra)
-rectum

(middle)
sigmoid colon

61
Q

teniae coli is ______

A

Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle come together in large intesine

62
Q

colonic epithelium (epithelium for colon) has more ___

A

goblet cells to produce mucus to move things to rectum

63
Q

colonic epithelium has this instead of this (seen in small intestine)

A

crypts (invaginations)
villi

64
Q

label colonic epithelium

A

green: colonic gland (crypt)
blue: lymphoid nodule
red: absorptive cell
yellow: goblet cell

65
Q

rectum epithelium

A

Simple columnar epithelium

66
Q

rectum is ____

A

Temporary storage for feces

67
Q

fullness of rectum triggers _____

A

the urge to defecate (into the anal canal)

68
Q

label top to bottom

A

rectum
anus

69
Q

anal canal epithelium

A

From non keratinized to keratinized (skin) stratified squamous epithelium

70
Q

innervation of anal canal + muscle type

A

Part autonomic (smooth muscle – internal anal sphincter) & part somatic (external anal sphincter)

71
Q

The _______ represents the transition point from _____of the anal canal to ______of the anus

A

anocutaneous line
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

72
Q
A

black: Iliococcygeus
grey: puborectalis
green: internal anal sphincter
yellow: anocutaneous line
orange: external anal sphincter

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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