Part 1: body organization & terminology Flashcards
gross anatomy studies structures that…
can be examined without a microscope
histology (anatomy) studies structures with __ that…
-microscope
-form tissues
Function of organ is related to___
tissue type
6 levels of body organization
-atoms
-complex molecules
-cells
-tissues
-organs
-body
The body is a collection of__
organ systems
10 organ systems of the body
-skeletal
-muscular
-integumentary
-nervous
-circulatory
-respiratory
-endocrine
-gastrointestinal
-urinary
-reproductive
anatomical position (5)
-standing upright
-heads, eyes, toes facing forwards
-upper limbs by sides
-palms facing forwards
-thumbs outwards away from palms
right and left in anatomical position are (2)
-in reference to the subject
-looks opposite for yourself
8 anatomical directions
-superior/cranial/cephalic
-inferior/caudal
-anterior/ventral
-posterior/dorsal
-lateral
-medial
-proximal
-distal
superior/cranial/cephalic (def.)
above, towards the head, top
inferior/caudal (def.)
below, bottom, towards feet
anterior/ventral (def.)
-front of body, towards stomach
posterior/dorsal (def.)
-behind, in the back
lateral (def.)
away from midline, towards the side
medial (def.)
towards the midline, middle, center
opposite of lateral
proximal (def.)
closer to the trunk
distal (def.)
far from the trunk
lateral view (def.)
side view
frontal view (def.)
front view
three anatomical planes
-coronal/frontal
-axial/transverse/horizontal
-sagittal
coronal/frontal (anatomical plane)
-separate anterior (front) & posterior (back)
axial/transverse/horizontal (anatomical plane)
-separate superior (top) & inferior (bottom)
sagittal (anatomical plane)
-cuts down the midline
parasagittal (anatomical plane)
-any deviation to left & right from sagittal plane
two main body cavities
dorsal & ventral cavities
dorsal cavity contains (2) sub cavities
superior-cranial cavity (brain + meninges)
inferior-vertebral/spinal cavity (spinal cord)
ventral cavity contains 3 main sub cavities (1 sub cavity has 2 sub cavities)
-thoracic (chest) –> pericardial (heart), pleural (lungs)
-abdominal
-pelvic
2 differences between dorsal and ventral cavities
-dorsal body cavity posterior to ventral cavity
-dorsal cavity is smaller than ventral cavity
arm in anatomical language is ___
upper extremity/limb
leg in anatomical language is ____
lower extremity/limb
extension (def.)
increasing the angle
flexion (def.)
decreasing the angle
extension: upper/lower limb at shoulder + hip joint
limb moves in posterior direction
flexion: upper/lower limb at shoulder + hip joint
limb moves in anterior direction
extension: hand at wrist
hand moves in superior direction
flexion: hand at wrist
hand moves in inferior direction
extension: fingers
fingers are straight out uncurled
flexion: fingers
fingers are curled in
extension: lower limb at knee joint
limb moves in anterior direction
flexion: lower limb at knee joint
limb moves in posterior direction
extension: upper limb at elbow joint
limb moves in posterior direction
flexion: upper limb at elbow joint
limb moves in anterior direction
extension: spine
back moves in posterior direction
flexion: spine
back moves in anterior direction
extension: foot
-plantarflexion
-move foot in inferior direction (towards ground)
flexion: foot
-dorsiflexion
-move foot in superior direction (towards sky)
Abduction
the motion of a structure away from the midline (taking away)
adduction
motion towards the center of the body (adding to body)
lateral rotation
rotation away from midline of the body (away from midline)
medial rotation
rotation towards the axis of the body (towards midline)
Fingers: Opposition
putting the thumbs and fingers together
Reposition
-restoring to natural position of thumbs and fingers
circumduction
-combination of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction to move in a circular/conical direction
ex. Windmilling arms, serving tennis
Jaw: Protrusion
-moving the jaw in the anterior direction
Jaw: retrusion
-moving the jaw in the posterior direction
Shoulder: Elevation
movement in a superior direction
Shoulder: Depression
movement in an inferior direction
Foot: Inversion
sole of the foot moves towards the midline of the body
Foot: Eversion
sole of the foot moves away from the midline of the body
Pronation at the forearm is a rotational movement where__
hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point towards the body (bones crossing)
Supination at the forearm is a rotational movement where__
hand and upper arm are turned so the thumbs point away the body (can hold soup)
