Part 11: Female reproductive system II Flashcards
label hormones
top: blue - FSH, pink: LH
bottom: red- estrogen , black- progesterone, blue -inhibin
FSH is needed for ___
follicle development
usually ____egg is released though ___ follicles develop
one
multiple
maturation of follicle hormone
increase in circulating estrogen
high estrogen leads to ____ which leads to ____
LH surge
ovulation
corpus luteum increase ____
circulating progesterone & estrogen
peak of uterine thickness
12 days after ovulation
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone (def.)
A placental hormone that replaces LH (produced after implantation)
hormone for pregnancy tests
hCG
hCG maintains ___ when?
the corpus luteum (1st trimester)
progesterone maintains ____
endometrium
progesterone is needed for the creation of the ____
placenta (new organ)- Angiogenesis of uterine vasculature (thick vascular lining)
by 2nd trimester, placenta ___ (ex. __)
takes over secretion of hormones (progesterone, estrogen, relaxin (prepares cervix for delivery)
relaxin hormone prepares____
cervix for delivery
placenta is a ___ organ
temporary
placenta job
Connects foetus to uterine wall (via umbilical cord) where exchange of blood & nutrients can occur during development
placenta functions
Nutrient intake
Thermo-regulation
Waste elimination
Gas exchange
Fight against internal infections
Produces hCG
vesicouterine pouch (def.)
fold of peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder; closer to anterior fornix of vagina
Rectouterine pouch (def.)
extension of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus; closer to posterior fornix of vagina
cervix/uterus type of cell
muscle (with serosa)
layers of uterus
mesometirum (serosa)
myometrium (muscle)
endometrium (inner)
orientation of uterus
fundus (top)
body
cervix
cervix is ____
the fibrous part of the uterus
os (def.)
opening
cervix has internal and external __
os
cervix produces mucous to prevent passage ____ but during ovulation, it becomes _____
of bacteria from vagina
a watery secretion (allows sperm to go through)
uterus (descr.)
highly varibale dimensions (pear shaped), bigger during reproductive age
90% of uterus mass is ___
muscle
how many layers of muscle in uterus?
3 layers- force needed for parturition
endometirum is how many % of uterus mass
10%
layers of endometrium in uterus
2 layers (one layer is permanent, one is built up and broken down often)
Vast amount of uterine glands opening into endometrial surface ____
extend into lamina propria
3 main blood supply to uterus
-ovarian vessels (from aorta to ovaries –suspensory ligament)
-uternine veseels (from internal iliac vessels –transverse ligament)
-vaginal vessels (from internal iliac vessles- not associated with perionoteum
All blood vessels in uterus can ____
anastomose (be linked)
phases of menstrual cycle
3 phases (avg 28 days)
-menstrual phase: destroy layer
-proliferative phase: build layer
-secretory phase: maintain layer
uterine aka. ____ cycle
menstrual
Structure of the endometrium (specifically the functional layer) ______
changes throughout the cycle
uterine cycle caused by ___
ovarian hormones secreted during ovarian cycle
hormones secreted during ovarian cycle
Estrogen: induces proliferation of endometrium following menstruation
Progesterone: causes the endometrium to become secretory & prepares it for implantation
layers of endometrium
muscose dips in and out
lamina propria
layers of mucosa
straum basalis (always present from birth to death)
straum functionalis (build every single month)
to build functional layer, you need?
build new vasuclature
build uterine gland
uterine artery –> ________ …..
Arcuate arteries –> Radial artery –> Straight artery –>Spiral artery
Straight arteries supply the _____ and ____
stratum basalis
remain unchanged throughout uterine cycle
Spiral arteries supply the _____ and are
stratum functionalis
shed & regrow during each menstrual cycle (angiogenesis)
label endometrial blood supply
black: uterine artery
grey: Arcuate arteries
purple: Radial artery
yellow: Straight artery
green: Spiral artery
Spiral arteries grow during ___ and
Enlarge & mature under influence of _____
proliferative phase
progesterone during secretory phase
Degeneration of corpus luteum results in ______ (effect on blood supply)
Loss of progesterone
Spasm of smooth muscle in wall of spiral arteries
cuts off blood supply
Endometrium becomes ischemic, dies, & is shed
Proliferative (aka ____) phase
follicular
In follicular phase, _____ (effect on endometrium)
Estrogen increase, epithelial cells of glands multiply & spread across surface, which restores uterine epithelium after menses
In follicular phase, _____ (effect on ovary)
Primary & secondary follicles are enlarging in ovary
By ovulation: functional layer is ____
several mm thick & highly vascularized
Secretory (luteal) phase (effect on uterus)
-glands enlarge & accelerate their rate of secretions
-spiral arteries elongate throughout the functional layer
-Combined progesterone (corpus luteum) & estrogen causes this increased secretory phase
Secretory (luteal) phase peak is about
12 days after ovulation
menstrual phase (def.)
Degeneration of functional layer (~14 days after ovulation)
menstrual phase is marked by ____
decrease in hormonal levels
menstrual phase bleeding
Arteries constrict: weakens arterial walls, reduces blood flow, glands, & surrounding tissue begin to die
Arterial walls ruptures: blood cells & degenerative tissue break away from endometrium & enter uterine cavity
Menses: 1-7 days
menstrual pain is due to _____
uterine inflammation & contraction (both from myometrium & ischemic blood vessels)
cervix (def.) ____
Cervical canal passes between uterus & vagina
cells of cervix that produces mucous _____
Columnar cells
mucous produced by cervix does what?
Prevents vaginal bacteria from entering
cervix forms ____ during pregancy and does what after?
Forms plug during pregnancy & dilates during childbirth (relaxin)
vagina descr.
Elastic & muscular tube extremely variable in size due to elasticity
vagina extends from____
cervix to vestibule of external genitalia
vagina acidic environment due to______
Resident bacteria
lamina propria of vagina (descr.)
very thick, forms ridges (folds) with immune cells
innvervation of vagina
somatic & autonomic
functions of vagina
Eliminates menses
Organ of copulation
Forms birth canal during parturition
vaginal epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
vaginal cells contains ___ to feed bacteria
glycogen (feeds resident bacteria)
Desquamated cells serve as substrate for ____
lactic acid-producing bacteria
Vaginal epithelium immune system
Lactic acid maintains low vaginal pH
Acidic pH inhibits growth of pathogens Impact on sperm as well
Thick lamina propria with large number of lymphocytes (prevents infections)
vaginal ___ surrounds cervix
fornices
fornix of vagina
anterior fornix
posterior fornix (thicker) - close to retrourine pouch
lateral fronices
seminal fluid and fornices
seminal fluid tries to get close to fornix (protection of sperm)
pap smears takes ___
sample of mucous layer of cervix
external genitalia labeling
green: monopubis (at pubic symphsis)
yellow: labia majora
orange: labia minora (hairless)
blue: vaginal opening
black: external urethral opening
grey: prepuce of clitoris
pink: clitoris
vulva (def.)
vestibule, labia minora, clitoris, & labia majora
external genitalia homolgues
body of penis = body clitrois
external uternal orfice = external urethral orfice
glans of penis = glans of clitrois
prepuce= prepuce
scrotum = labia majora
perineal raphe (continues to the top-zipper) = perineal raphe
external anal sphincter = external anal sphincter
raphe of penis = labia minora (zipper not zipped)
Perineal muscles homologues
External urethral sphincter (more developed in men-surrounds urethra well) = External urethral sphincter
Levator ani = Levator ani supports
External anal sphincter = External anal sphincter
Erectile tissue homologues
Bulbs of vestibule: Erectile tissue equivalent to corpus spongiosum has right and left bulbs
glans of penis = glans of clitoris
crus of penis = crus of clitoris
corpora cavernosa = corpora cavernosa
Bulbourethral gland = greater vestibular gland -secretion released during arousal
Body of penis = _____
Body of clitoris = _____
2 corpora cavernosa + corpus spongiosum
2 corpora cavernosa (no bulb)
Bulbospongiosus mm. covering _____
bulbs of vestibule & greater vestibular glands
Ischiocavernosus mm. covering _____
erectile tissue of corpora cavernosa
Bulbospongiosus muscle + Ischiocavernosus mm innervated by ____
pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
Homologues to prostate gland in female
Skene’s glands (para-urethral glands) between urethra and vagina (relase of secrection when ereticle tissue is engorged with blood)
upper innervation of uterus + sympathetic
Sympathetic (T12-L2) –> Pain felt lower back & abdomen ( broad ligament) –> uterus & upper vaginal area
pain felt lower back & abdomen (broad ligament)
lower innervation of uterus + Parasympathetic + somatic
Parasympathetic (S2-S4) –> Pain felt lower back & perineum –> lower vaginal area
(lowest) Somatic motor – Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) -> Pain felt within vaginal walls & perineum –> pleasure
Changes in the body during pregnancy
-increase in weight (center of mass moves forward)
-pelvic tilt
-changes in vertebral column
-breasts and uterus grow
-abdominal muscles stretch
-all the ligaments loosen (due to relaxin)
-pinched nerve
cardiac output and respiratory output increases
-increase waste production (by GI & urinary systems)
changes of uterus in pregnancy
expansion mainly stretch - increase in size
-shapes changes through gestation
-drop during 9th month
-moves all the way up to T5
cervix & vagina changes during pregnacy
cervical tissue closes during pregnancy then softens, thins out and increase/dilate in size
vagina - elasticity increases
breast tissue changes during pregnancy
-increase in size (milk ducts and glandular tissue
-areolas darken & widen (visual for infant)
superficial vessels more visible
-colostrum (2ndr trimester for 3 days after delivery)- immune cells for baby
Mammary glands are ___, they secrete ______, regulated by ____
Apocrine glands
Secrete milk for nourishment of newborn
Proliferate extensively during pregnancy
Regulated by sexual hormones
Milk production stimulated by:
Prolactin (primarily)
Estrogen/progesterone
Milk ejection- needs _____first then stimulates ___ ___(also helps reduce _____)
suckling
oxytocin
size of uterus via contractions
