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z:Anat 200 > Part 11: Female reproductive system II > Flashcards

Part 11: Female reproductive system II Flashcards

1
Q

label hormones

A

top: blue - FSH, pink: LH
bottom: red- estrogen , black- progesterone, blue -inhibin

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2
Q

FSH is needed for ___

A

follicle development

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3
Q

usually ____egg is released though ___ follicles develop

A

one
multiple

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4
Q

maturation of follicle hormone

A

increase in circulating estrogen

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5
Q

high estrogen leads to ____ which leads to ____

A

LH surge
ovulation

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6
Q

corpus luteum increase ____

A

circulating progesterone & estrogen

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7
Q

peak of uterine thickness

A

12 days after ovulation

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8
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone (def.)

A

A placental hormone that replaces LH (produced after implantation)

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9
Q

hormone for pregnancy tests

A

hCG

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10
Q

hCG maintains ___ when?

A

the corpus luteum (1st trimester)

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11
Q

progesterone maintains ____

A

endometrium

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12
Q

progesterone is needed for the creation of the ____

A

placenta (new organ)- Angiogenesis of uterine vasculature (thick vascular lining)

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13
Q

by 2nd trimester, placenta ___ (ex. __)

A

takes over secretion of hormones (progesterone, estrogen, relaxin (prepares cervix for delivery)

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14
Q

relaxin hormone prepares____

A

cervix for delivery

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15
Q

placenta is a ___ organ

A

temporary

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16
Q

placenta job

A

Connects foetus to uterine wall (via umbilical cord) where exchange of blood & nutrients can occur during development

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17
Q

placenta functions

A

Nutrient intake
Thermo-regulation
Waste elimination
Gas exchange
Fight against internal infections
Produces hCG

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18
Q

vesicouterine pouch (def.)

A

fold of peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder; closer to anterior fornix of vagina

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19
Q

Rectouterine pouch (def.)

A

extension of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus; closer to posterior fornix of vagina

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20
Q

cervix/uterus type of cell

A

muscle (with serosa)

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21
Q

layers of uterus

A

mesometirum (serosa)
myometrium (muscle)
endometrium (inner)

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22
Q

orientation of uterus

A

fundus (top)
body
cervix

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23
Q

cervix is ____

A

the fibrous part of the uterus

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24
Q

os (def.)

A

opening

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25
Q

cervix has internal and external __

A

os

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26
Q

cervix produces mucous to prevent passage ____ but during ovulation, it becomes _____

A

of bacteria from vagina
a watery secretion (allows sperm to go through)

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27
Q

uterus (descr.)

A

highly varibale dimensions (pear shaped), bigger during reproductive age

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28
Q

90% of uterus mass is ___

A

muscle

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29
Q

how many layers of muscle in uterus?

A

3 layers- force needed for parturition

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30
Q

endometirum is how many % of uterus mass

A

10%

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31
Q

layers of endometrium in uterus

A

2 layers (one layer is permanent, one is built up and broken down often)

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32
Q

Vast amount of uterine glands opening into endometrial surface ____

A

extend into lamina propria

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33
Q

3 main blood supply to uterus

A

-ovarian vessels (from aorta to ovaries –suspensory ligament)
-uternine veseels (from internal iliac vessels –transverse ligament)
-vaginal vessels (from internal iliac vessles- not associated with perionoteum

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34
Q

All blood vessels in uterus can ____

A

anastomose (be linked)

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35
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A

3 phases (avg 28 days)
-menstrual phase: destroy layer
-proliferative phase: build layer
-secretory phase: maintain layer

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36
Q

uterine aka. ____ cycle

A

menstrual

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37
Q

Structure of the endometrium (specifically the functional layer) ______

A

changes throughout the cycle

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38
Q

uterine cycle caused by ___

A

ovarian hormones secreted during ovarian cycle

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39
Q

hormones secreted during ovarian cycle

A

Estrogen: induces proliferation of endometrium following menstruation
Progesterone: causes the endometrium to become secretory & prepares it for implantation

40
Q

layers of endometrium

A

muscose dips in and out
lamina propria

41
Q

layers of mucosa

A

straum basalis (always present from birth to death)
straum functionalis (build every single month)

42
Q

to build functional layer, you need?

A

build new vasuclature
build uterine gland

43
Q

uterine artery –> ________ …..

A

Arcuate arteries –> Radial artery –> Straight artery –>Spiral artery

44
Q

Straight arteries supply the _____ and ____

A

stratum basalis
remain unchanged throughout uterine cycle

45
Q

Spiral arteries supply the _____ and are

A

stratum functionalis
shed & regrow during each menstrual cycle (angiogenesis)

46
Q

label endometrial blood supply

A

black: uterine artery
grey: Arcuate arteries
purple: Radial artery
yellow: Straight artery
green: Spiral artery

47
Q

Spiral arteries grow during ___ and
Enlarge & mature under influence of _____

A

proliferative phase
progesterone during secretory phase

48
Q

Degeneration of corpus luteum results in ______ (effect on blood supply)

A

Loss of progesterone
Spasm of smooth muscle in wall of spiral arteries
cuts off blood supply
Endometrium becomes ischemic, dies, & is shed

49
Q

Proliferative (aka ____) phase

A

follicular

50
Q

In follicular phase, _____ (effect on endometrium)

A

Estrogen increase, epithelial cells of glands multiply & spread across surface, which restores uterine epithelium after menses

51
Q

In follicular phase, _____ (effect on ovary)

A

Primary & secondary follicles are enlarging in ovary

52
Q

By ovulation: functional layer is ____

A

several mm thick & highly vascularized

53
Q

Secretory (luteal) phase (effect on uterus)

A

-glands enlarge & accelerate their rate of secretions
-spiral arteries elongate throughout the functional layer
-Combined progesterone (corpus luteum) & estrogen causes this increased secretory phase

54
Q

Secretory (luteal) phase peak is about

A

12 days after ovulation

55
Q

menstrual phase (def.)

A

Degeneration of functional layer (~14 days after ovulation)

56
Q

menstrual phase is marked by ____

A

decrease in hormonal levels

57
Q

menstrual phase bleeding

A

Arteries constrict: weakens arterial walls, reduces blood flow, glands, & surrounding tissue begin to die
Arterial walls ruptures: blood cells & degenerative tissue break away from endometrium & enter uterine cavity
Menses: 1-7 days

58
Q

menstrual pain is due to _____

A

uterine inflammation & contraction (both from myometrium & ischemic blood vessels)

59
Q

cervix (def.) ____

A

Cervical canal passes between uterus & vagina

60
Q

cells of cervix that produces mucous _____

A

Columnar cells

61
Q

mucous produced by cervix does what?

A

Prevents vaginal bacteria from entering

62
Q

cervix forms ____ during pregancy and does what after?

A

Forms plug during pregnancy & dilates during childbirth (relaxin)

63
Q

vagina descr.

A

Elastic & muscular tube extremely variable in size due to elasticity

64
Q

vagina extends from____

A

cervix to vestibule of external genitalia

65
Q

vagina acidic environment due to______

A

Resident bacteria

66
Q

lamina propria of vagina (descr.)

A

very thick, forms ridges (folds) with immune cells

67
Q

innvervation of vagina

A

somatic & autonomic

68
Q

functions of vagina

A

Eliminates menses
Organ of copulation
Forms birth canal during parturition

69
Q

vaginal epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

70
Q

vaginal cells contains ___ to feed bacteria

A

glycogen (feeds resident bacteria)

71
Q

Desquamated cells serve as substrate for ____

A

lactic acid-producing bacteria

72
Q

Vaginal epithelium immune system

A

Lactic acid maintains low vaginal pH
Acidic pH inhibits growth of pathogens Impact on sperm as well
Thick lamina propria with large number of lymphocytes (prevents infections)

73
Q

vaginal ___ surrounds cervix

A

fornices

74
Q

fornix of vagina

A

anterior fornix
posterior fornix (thicker) - close to retrourine pouch
lateral fronices

75
Q

seminal fluid and fornices

A

seminal fluid tries to get close to fornix (protection of sperm)

76
Q

pap smears takes ___

A

sample of mucous layer of cervix

77
Q

external genitalia labeling

A

green: monopubis (at pubic symphsis)
yellow: labia majora
orange: labia minora (hairless)
blue: vaginal opening
black: external urethral opening
grey: prepuce of clitoris
pink: clitoris

78
Q

vulva (def.)

A

vestibule, labia minora, clitoris, & labia majora

79
Q

external genitalia homolgues

A

body of penis = body clitrois
external uternal orfice = external urethral orfice
glans of penis = glans of clitrois
prepuce= prepuce
scrotum = labia majora
perineal raphe (continues to the top-zipper) = perineal raphe
external anal sphincter = external anal sphincter
raphe of penis = labia minora (zipper not zipped)

80
Q

Perineal muscles homologues

A

External urethral sphincter (more developed in men-surrounds urethra well) = External urethral sphincter
Levator ani = Levator ani supports
External anal sphincter = External anal sphincter

81
Q

Erectile tissue homologues

A

Bulbs of vestibule: Erectile tissue equivalent to corpus spongiosum has right and left bulbs
glans of penis = glans of clitoris
crus of penis = crus of clitoris
corpora cavernosa = corpora cavernosa
Bulbourethral gland = greater vestibular gland -secretion released during arousal

82
Q

Body of penis = _____
Body of clitoris = _____

A

2 corpora cavernosa + corpus spongiosum
2 corpora cavernosa (no bulb)

83
Q

Bulbospongiosus mm. covering _____

A

bulbs of vestibule & greater vestibular glands

84
Q

Ischiocavernosus mm. covering _____

A

erectile tissue of corpora cavernosa

85
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle + Ischiocavernosus mm innervated by ____

A

pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)

86
Q

Homologues to prostate gland in female

A

Skene’s glands (para-urethral glands) between urethra and vagina (relase of secrection when ereticle tissue is engorged with blood)

87
Q

upper innervation of uterus + sympathetic

A

Sympathetic (T12-L2) –> Pain felt lower back & abdomen ( broad ligament) –> uterus & upper vaginal area
pain felt lower back & abdomen (broad ligament)

88
Q

lower innervation of uterus + Parasympathetic + somatic

A

Parasympathetic (S2-S4) –> Pain felt lower back & perineum –> lower vaginal area
(lowest) Somatic motor – Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) -> Pain felt within vaginal walls & perineum –> pleasure

89
Q

Changes in the body during pregnancy

A

-increase in weight (center of mass moves forward)
-pelvic tilt
-changes in vertebral column
-breasts and uterus grow
-abdominal muscles stretch
-all the ligaments loosen (due to relaxin)
-pinched nerve
cardiac output and respiratory output increases
-increase waste production (by GI & urinary systems)

90
Q

changes of uterus in pregnancy

A

expansion mainly stretch - increase in size
-shapes changes through gestation
-drop during 9th month
-moves all the way up to T5

91
Q

cervix & vagina changes during pregnacy

A

cervical tissue closes during pregnancy then softens, thins out and increase/dilate in size
vagina - elasticity increases

92
Q

breast tissue changes during pregnancy

A

-increase in size (milk ducts and glandular tissue
-areolas darken & widen (visual for infant)
superficial vessels more visible
-colostrum (2ndr trimester for 3 days after delivery)- immune cells for baby

93
Q

Mammary glands are ___, they secrete ______, regulated by ____

A

Apocrine glands
Secrete milk for nourishment of newborn
Proliferate extensively during pregnancy
Regulated by sexual hormones

94
Q

Milk production stimulated by:

A

Prolactin (primarily)
Estrogen/progesterone

95
Q

Milk ejection- needs _____first then stimulates ___ ___(also helps reduce _____)

A

suckling
oxytocin
size of uterus via contractions

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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