Part 11: Female reproductive system II Flashcards
1
Q
label hormones
A
top: blue - FSH, pink: LH
bottom: red- estrogen , black- progesterone, blue -inhibin
2
Q
FSH is needed for ___
A
follicle development
3
Q
usually ____egg is released though ___ follicles develop
A
one
multiple
4
Q
maturation of follicle hormone
A
increase in circulating estrogen
5
Q
high estrogen leads to ____ which leads to ____
A
LH surge
ovulation
6
Q
corpus luteum increase ____
A
circulating progesterone & estrogen
7
Q
peak of uterine thickness
A
12 days after ovulation
8
Q
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone (def.)
A
A placental hormone that replaces LH (produced after implantation)
9
Q
hormone for pregnancy tests
A
hCG
10
Q
hCG maintains ___ when?
A
the corpus luteum (1st trimester)
11
Q
progesterone maintains ____
A
endometrium
12
Q
progesterone is needed for the creation of the ____
A
placenta (new organ)- Angiogenesis of uterine vasculature (thick vascular lining)
13
Q
by 2nd trimester, placenta ___ (ex. __)
A
takes over secretion of hormones (progesterone, estrogen, relaxin (prepares cervix for delivery)
14
Q
relaxin hormone prepares____
A
cervix for delivery
15
Q
placenta is a ___ organ
A
temporary
16
Q
placenta job
A
Connects foetus to uterine wall (via umbilical cord) where exchange of blood & nutrients can occur during development
17
Q
placenta functions
A
Nutrient intake
Thermo-regulation
Waste elimination
Gas exchange
Fight against internal infections
Produces hCG
18
Q
vesicouterine pouch (def.)
A
fold of peritoneum over the uterus and the bladder; closer to anterior fornix of vagina
19
Q
Rectouterine pouch (def.)
A
extension of the peritoneum between the rectum and the posterior wall of the uterus; closer to posterior fornix of vagina
20
Q
cervix/uterus type of cell
A
muscle (with serosa)
21
Q
layers of uterus
A
mesometirum (serosa)
myometrium (muscle)
endometrium (inner)
22
Q
orientation of uterus
A
fundus (top)
body
cervix
23
Q
cervix is ____
A
the fibrous part of the uterus
24
Q
os (def.)
A
opening
25
cervix has internal and external __
os
26
cervix produces mucous to prevent passage ____ but during ovulation, it becomes _____
of bacteria from vagina
a watery secretion (allows sperm to go through)
27
uterus (descr.)
highly varibale dimensions (pear shaped), bigger during reproductive age
28
90% of uterus mass is ___
muscle
29
how many layers of muscle in uterus?
3 layers- force needed for parturition
30
endometirum is how many % of uterus mass
10%
31
layers of endometrium in uterus
2 layers (one layer is permanent, one is built up and broken down often)
32
Vast amount of uterine glands opening into endometrial surface ____
extend into lamina propria
33
3 main blood supply to uterus
-ovarian vessels (from aorta to ovaries --suspensory ligament)
-uternine veseels (from internal iliac vessels --transverse ligament)
-vaginal vessels (from internal iliac vessles- not associated with perionoteum
34
All blood vessels in uterus can ____
anastomose (be linked)
35
phases of menstrual cycle
3 phases (avg 28 days)
-menstrual phase: destroy layer
-proliferative phase: build layer
-secretory phase: maintain layer
36
uterine aka. ____ cycle
menstrual
37
Structure of the endometrium (specifically the functional layer) ______
changes throughout the cycle
38
uterine cycle caused by ___
ovarian hormones secreted during ovarian cycle
39
hormones secreted during ovarian cycle
Estrogen: induces proliferation of endometrium following menstruation
Progesterone: causes the endometrium to become secretory & prepares it for implantation
40
layers of endometrium
muscose dips in and out
lamina propria
41
layers of mucosa
straum basalis (always present from birth to death)
straum functionalis (build every single month)
42
to build functional layer, you need?
build new vasuclature
build uterine gland
43
uterine artery --> ________ .....
Arcuate arteries --> Radial artery --> Straight artery -->Spiral artery
44
Straight arteries supply the _____ and ____
stratum basalis
remain unchanged throughout uterine cycle
45
Spiral arteries supply the _____ and are
stratum functionalis
shed & regrow during each menstrual cycle (angiogenesis)
46
label endometrial blood supply
black: uterine artery
grey: Arcuate arteries
purple: Radial artery
yellow: Straight artery
green: Spiral artery
47
Spiral arteries grow during ___ and
Enlarge & mature under influence of _____
proliferative phase
progesterone during secretory phase
48
Degeneration of corpus luteum results in ______ (effect on blood supply)
Loss of progesterone
Spasm of smooth muscle in wall of spiral arteries
cuts off blood supply
Endometrium becomes ischemic, dies, & is shed
49
Proliferative (aka ____) phase
follicular
50
In follicular phase, _____ (effect on endometrium)
Estrogen increase, epithelial cells of glands multiply & spread across surface, which restores uterine epithelium after menses
51
In follicular phase, _____ (effect on ovary)
Primary & secondary follicles are enlarging in ovary
52
By ovulation: functional layer is ____
several mm thick & highly vascularized
53
Secretory (luteal) phase (effect on uterus)
-glands enlarge & accelerate their rate of secretions
-spiral arteries elongate throughout the functional layer
-Combined progesterone (corpus luteum) & estrogen causes this increased secretory phase
54
Secretory (luteal) phase peak is about
12 days after ovulation
55
menstrual phase (def.)
Degeneration of functional layer (~14 days after ovulation)
56
menstrual phase is marked by ____
decrease in hormonal levels
57
menstrual phase bleeding
Arteries constrict: weakens arterial walls, reduces blood flow, glands, & surrounding tissue begin to die
Arterial walls ruptures: blood cells & degenerative tissue break away from endometrium & enter uterine cavity
Menses: 1-7 days
58
menstrual pain is due to _____
uterine inflammation & contraction (both from myometrium & ischemic blood vessels)
59
cervix (def.) ____
Cervical canal passes between uterus & vagina
60
cells of cervix that produces mucous _____
Columnar cells
61
mucous produced by cervix does what?
Prevents vaginal bacteria from entering
62
cervix forms ____ during pregancy and does what after?
Forms plug during pregnancy & dilates during childbirth (relaxin)
63
vagina descr.
Elastic & muscular tube extremely variable in size due to elasticity
64
vagina extends from____
cervix to vestibule of external genitalia
65
vagina acidic environment due to______
Resident bacteria
66
lamina propria of vagina (descr.)
very thick, forms ridges (folds) with immune cells
67
innvervation of vagina
somatic & autonomic
68
functions of vagina
Eliminates menses
Organ of copulation
Forms birth canal during parturition
69
vaginal epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
70
vaginal cells contains ___ to feed bacteria
glycogen (feeds resident bacteria)
71
Desquamated cells serve as substrate for ____
lactic acid-producing bacteria
72
Vaginal epithelium immune system
Lactic acid maintains low vaginal pH
Acidic pH inhibits growth of pathogens Impact on sperm as well
Thick lamina propria with large number of lymphocytes (prevents infections)
73
vaginal ___ surrounds cervix
fornices
74
fornix of vagina
anterior fornix
posterior fornix (thicker) - close to retrourine pouch
lateral fronices
75
seminal fluid and fornices
seminal fluid tries to get close to fornix (protection of sperm)
76
pap smears takes ___
sample of mucous layer of cervix
77
external genitalia labeling
green: monopubis (at pubic symphsis)
yellow: labia majora
orange: labia minora (hairless)
blue: vaginal opening
black: external urethral opening
grey: prepuce of clitoris
pink: clitoris
78
vulva (def.)
vestibule, labia minora, clitoris, & labia majora
79
external genitalia homolgues
body of penis = body clitrois
external uternal orfice = external urethral orfice
glans of penis = glans of clitrois
prepuce= prepuce
scrotum = labia majora
perineal raphe (continues to the top-zipper) = perineal raphe
external anal sphincter = external anal sphincter
raphe of penis = labia minora (zipper not zipped)
80
Perineal muscles homologues
External urethral sphincter (more developed in men-surrounds urethra well) = External urethral sphincter
Levator ani = Levator ani supports
External anal sphincter = External anal sphincter
81
Erectile tissue homologues
Bulbs of vestibule: Erectile tissue equivalent to corpus spongiosum has right and left bulbs
glans of penis = glans of clitoris
crus of penis = crus of clitoris
corpora cavernosa = corpora cavernosa
Bulbourethral gland = greater vestibular gland -secretion released during arousal
82
Body of penis = _____
Body of clitoris = _____
2 corpora cavernosa + corpus spongiosum
2 corpora cavernosa (no bulb)
83
Bulbospongiosus mm. covering _____
bulbs of vestibule & greater vestibular glands
84
Ischiocavernosus mm. covering _____
erectile tissue of corpora cavernosa
85
Bulbospongiosus muscle + Ischiocavernosus mm innervated by ____
pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
86
Homologues to prostate gland in female
Skene’s glands (para-urethral glands) between urethra and vagina (relase of secrection when ereticle tissue is engorged with blood)
87
upper innervation of uterus + sympathetic
Sympathetic (T12-L2) --> Pain felt lower back & abdomen ( broad ligament) --> uterus & upper vaginal area
pain felt lower back & abdomen (broad ligament)
88
lower innervation of uterus + Parasympathetic + somatic
Parasympathetic (S2-S4) --> Pain felt lower back & perineum --> lower vaginal area
(lowest) Somatic motor – Pudendal nerve (S2-S4) -> Pain felt within vaginal walls & perineum --> pleasure
89
Changes in the body during pregnancy
-increase in weight (center of mass moves forward)
-pelvic tilt
-changes in vertebral column
-breasts and uterus grow
-abdominal muscles stretch
-all the ligaments loosen (due to relaxin)
-pinched nerve
cardiac output and respiratory output increases
-increase waste production (by GI & urinary systems)
90
changes of uterus in pregnancy
expansion mainly stretch - increase in size
-shapes changes through gestation
-drop during 9th month
-moves all the way up to T5
91
cervix & vagina changes during pregnacy
cervical tissue closes during pregnancy then softens, thins out and increase/dilate in size
vagina - elasticity increases
92
breast tissue changes during pregnancy
-increase in size (milk ducts and glandular tissue
-areolas darken & widen (visual for infant)
superficial vessels more visible
-colostrum (2ndr trimester for 3 days after delivery)- immune cells for baby
93
Mammary glands are ___, they secrete ______, regulated by ____
Apocrine glands
Secrete milk for nourishment of newborn
Proliferate extensively during pregnancy
Regulated by sexual hormones
94
Milk production stimulated by:
Prolactin (primarily)
Estrogen/progesterone
95
Milk ejection- needs _____first then stimulates ___ ___(also helps reduce _____)
suckling
oxytocin
size of uterus via contractions
