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z:Anat 200 > Part 10: Urinary system > Flashcards

Part 10: Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system main function

A

Ensure optimal properties of the blood (homeostasis) by removing metabolic wastes generated by body cells (constant monitoring by the kidneys)

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2
Q

“Water treatment plant” of our body

A

kidneys

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3
Q

kidneys other functions

A

Regulates blood ionic composition
Regulates blood pH
Regulates blood volume & blood pressure
Produces hormones (calcitriol, erythropoietin)
Helps liver detoxify poisons & regulate glucose levels
Conserves valuable nutrients & eliminates the wastes (i.e., urea)

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4
Q

label composition of urinary system

A

(top to bottom)
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

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5
Q

Location of the kidneys

A

Develop & remain outside the peritoneal cavity (not part of GI system, retroperitoneal, posterior abdominal wall)

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6
Q

position of left/right kidney

A

Left kidney: T12 – L2/Right kidney: L1 – L3 (lower than left kidney

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7
Q

Adrenal gland located on ______ of each kidney

A

superior-medial surface

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8
Q

label

A
  1. Spleen
  2. IVC
  3. Abdominal aorta
  4. Adrenal gland
  5. Left kidney
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9
Q

label

A
  1. Spleen
  2. IVC
  3. Abdominal aorta
  4. Left kidney
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10
Q

kidney is well cushioned by ____

A

fat

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11
Q

kidney is surrounded by a lot of CT: ____

A

Perirenal fat (around kidney)
Renal fascia (around fat)
Pararenal (retroperitoneal) fat (beside the kidneys, behind the parietal peritoneum)

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12
Q

label

A
  1. Liver
  2. IVC
  3. Abdominal aorta
  4. Right kidney
  5. Left kidney
  6. Pancreas
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13
Q

kidney is covered by ___

A

fibrous capsule

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14
Q
A

purple: fibrous capsule
yellow: minor calyx
blue: major calyx
green: renal pelvis -> the area at the center of the kidney
orange: ureter
red: cortex
pink: medulla
grey: renal pyramid-> triangular sections of tissue that constitute the medulla
brown: renal papilla -> the point of each pyramid projects into a calyx
black: renal lobe-> portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it
white: renal column -> medullary extension of the renal cortex in between the renal pyramid; anchors cortex
light blue: hilum

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15
Q

label blood circulation (mistake with interlobar/bobular veins - ignore)

A

red: interlobar arteries
blue: interlobular veins
pink: arcuate veins
black: arcuate arteries
green: segmental artery
orange: renal artery
grey: renal vein

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16
Q

label

A

red: interlobular artery
yellow: arcuate artery
green: arcuate vein
blue: interlobular vein
pink: renal papilla
black: minor calyx
brown: interlobar artery
grey: interlobar vein

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17
Q

the basic functional unit of the kidney + made of two parts

A

nephron
renal corpuscle + renal tubule

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18
Q

Blood is filtered in the _____ (first part); ___ retained by filter; ______ pass through; _____ reabsorbed in _____

A

renal corpuscle
blood cells & large proteins
Low molecular weight proteins, ions, metabolites, dissolved wastes
Water, ions, & useful substances
the renal tubule

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19
Q

label nephron

A

red: renal corpuscle
blue: proximal convoluted tubule
green: loop of henle -needed for recovery of water & Nacl
purple: descending limb
brown: ascending limb
pink: distal convoluted tubule
yellow: collecting tubule

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20
Q

part of nephron needed to produce filtrate

A

-renal corpuscle

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21
Q

part of nephron needed to perform reabsorption

A

proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

part of nephron needed to produce urine

A

collecting tubule + collecting ducts

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23
Q

types of nephrons

A

-blue:cortical nephron; responsible for most absorptions & secretion
-red: juxtamedullary nephron; necessary conditions for concentrated urine

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24
Q

salt gradient: salt conc increases as we enter into ______

A

medulla

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25
capillaries in cortex: _____ arterioles form capillary beds around tubules in ______for _____
efferent cortex water, organics & salt re-absorption
26
efferent arterioles ____ glomerulus
leaves
27
afferent arterioles ____ glomerulus
enters
28
label renal corpuscle
red: Afferent arteriole blue: Efferent arteriole green: Glomerulus orange: Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule yellow: Mesangial cells purple: podocyte - finely fenestrated
29
Vasa recta (______) retrieve water in _____(1) by maintaining _______ by salt exiting into _____
capillary beds in the medulla descending limb concentration of medulla medulla in ascending limb
30
Mesangial cells are important for physical support of ______ in _____ .Adjusted ______in response to ______ (help maintain optimal filtration rate). Secretions important for _____ in the glomerulus. Important for ______
capillaries glomerulus contractions blood pressure changes immune defense & repair phagocytosis
31
things filtered through glomerulus
small proteins, metabolites, ions, water, toxins
32
things not filtered through glomerulus
RBC, WBC, platelets, large proteins
33
Proximal/distal convoluted tubule epithelium
simple cuboidal cell
34
loop of henle function?
Adjusts salt content of filtrate, medulla stays “salty”, tries to retrieve as much water as possible in the vasa recta
35
thin limb of loop of henle is ____+ function
descending limb Reabsorption of water (aquaporins on basal & apical surfaces – permeable to water)
36
thick limb of loop of henle is ____+ function
ascending limb Reabsorption of Na+ & Cl- (impermeable to water)
37
Distal convoluted tubule function
Variable reabsorption of ions & electrolytes Allows excretion of acids, toxins, & urea (to maintain high salt gradient in medulla)
38
distal convoluted tubule: Na+ absorption is regulated ______
by aldosterone (hormone from adrenal glands)
39
Macula densa in _______ regulates ______
distal convoluted tubule blood flow to keep filtrate constant despite individual’s blood pressure
40
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of three types of cells
the macula densa juxtaglomerular cells, (also known as granular cells) which secrete renin extraglomerular mesangial cells
41
JGA function + feedback mechanism
Regulation of blood pressure, blood flow, & filtrate formation Feedback mechanism: regulates blood flow & keeps rate of filtration constant
42
the macula densa function
Monitor electrolyte concentration
43
juxtaglomerular cells, (also known as ____cells) function
granular Secrete the hormone renin (increase BP in glomerulus - increases filtration rate) Constricts smooth muscle cells in the efferent & afferent arterioles
44
label JGA
top to bottom Extraglomerular mesangial cells Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells
45
Collecting tubules & ducts function
Variable reabsorption of water & ions
46
Papillary duct function
Delivery of urine to calyces
47
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH released by _____) released when _____: makes collecting ducts ______
posterior pituitary dehydrated more permeable to water (concentrates the filtrate by activating aquaporins)
48
absence of ADH = _____
large volume, dilute urine
49
presence of ADH = _____
small volume, conc. urine
50
ureter does what?
transports urine
51
urethra does what?
eliminates urine
52
urinary bladder does what?
stores urin
53
epithelium of urinary bladder + descr.
transitional (urinary) epithelium Multiple layers of cells Outermost cells large & dome-shaped Changes appearance with stretching
54
uteters position
retroperitoneal
55
Ureteric openings connect ___ to ____ where?
ureter bladder posterior to bladder
56
ureter epithelium?
‘Stretchy’ transitional epithelium Impermeable
57
ureter has ___ for peristalsis of urine
smooth muscle
58
ureteric constriction (def.)
blockage in ureter
59
Sites of ureteric constriction
1. Ureteropelvic junction – stone leaving the kidney (T10-L1) 2. Stone crossing of the common iliac vessels (T11-L2) 3. Ureterovesical junction – stone entering the urinary bladder (L1-L2)
60
label referred pain
1) liver, gallbladder and duodenum 2) stomach 3) spleen 4) small intestine 5) sigmoid colon 6) kidney and ureter
61
Label urinary bladder
left (top to bottom) rugae (folds- transitional epithelium- to expand) ureteric opening internal urethral sphincter prostate gland right (top to bottom) ureter detrusor muscle (smooth muscle) trigone: triangle defined by ureteric opening + internal urethral sphincter urethra external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
62
label lumen of urinary bladder
red: transitional epithelium yellow: lamina propria blue: submucosa green: serosa (parietal peritoneum) purple: detrusor muscle
63
Sympathetic innervation of urinary system:
Stimulate contraction of internal urethral sphincter Inhibit detrusor contraction
64
Parasympathetic innervation of urinary system:
Relaxation of internal urethral sphincter Stimulate detrusor contraction
65
Somatic innervation of urinary system:
Control of the external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
66
urethra : differences between sexes
male : 3 parts-> prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, penile (spongy) urethra = 18-20 cm long female: Short (3-5 cm long) & straight

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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