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z:Anat 200 > Part 9: Gastrointestinal system I > Flashcards

Part 9: Gastrointestinal system I Flashcards

1
Q

(functions of GI system

A

1) Ingestion: food & liquid intake (oral cavity)
2) Mechanical processing: swirling, mixing, churning, propulsive motions in tract
3) Compaction: dehydration of undigested material & waste into feces (colon to anus)
4) Digestion: chemical & enzymatic breakdown of sugars, lipids, & proteins into small molecules
5) Secretion: acids, enzymes, & buffers by accessory organs
6) Absorption: movement of molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, & water into interstitial fluid
(blood vessels -> liver -> to the rest of the body)
7) Excretion: elimination of undigested residue & waste products

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2
Q

Label Gastrointestinal tract & accessory organs

A

left (top to bottom)
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
(small intest.) Duodenum
(small intest.) Jejunum & ileum
Large intestine
anus

right- accessory glands (top to bottom)
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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3
Q

general histology of the GI tube

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular externis layer
Serosa

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4
Q

layers of mucosa

A

Epithelium : Stratified or simple (depending on stress/beginning & end)
Lamina propria (CT): Glands & immune cells
Muscularis mucosa: Propels content of glands in lumen

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5
Q

submucosa summary + conduit for _____ & contains _____

A

(connective tissue again)
Conduit for vasculature, nerves, & lymphatics
Immune cells, exocrine glands, submucosal nerve plexus

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6
Q

Muscularis externis summary + layers.
At the beginning & end of tube this layer is ______

A

(external muscle layer)
Inner circular smooth mm – Outer longitudinal smooth mm
- skeletal (somatic)

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7
Q

muscularis externis layer of stomach

A

has additional oblique smooth muscle

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8
Q

muscularis externis has this which controls GI motility

A

Myenteric plexus (controls GI motility)

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9
Q

Serosa (______) is _____ (______ membrane)

A

wrapping of the tube
Simple squamous epithelium + connective tissue
serous

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10
Q

Serosa continually produces _____ and has _____

A

watery fluid that lubricates the peritoneal surfaces
two layers = mesentery (see later)

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11
Q

label upper GI organs

A

blue: oral cavity
red: pharynx
green: esophagus

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12
Q

esophagus is found in ____

A

posterior mediastinum

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13
Q

abdominal organs you can only see in anterior view

A

liver
gallbladder

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14
Q

abdominal organs you can only see in posterior view

A

pancreas
kidneys

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15
Q

abdominal organs you can see in anterior &posterior view

A

diaphragm
stomach
spleen (ish)
small intestines
large intestines
anal canal (pelvis)

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16
Q

abdominal quadrants are ___

A

Vertical & horizontal planes intersecting at the umbilicus

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17
Q

label abdominal quadrants

A

red: RUQ - right upper quadrant
blue: LUQ - left upper quadrant
green: RLQ - right lower quadrant
yellow: LLQ - left lower quadrant

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18
Q

things in RUQ

A

liver, gall bladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, transverse colon, right kidney

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19
Q

things in LUQ

A

-stomach
-spleen,
-body & tail of pancreas
- jejunum
-transverse colon
-left kidney

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20
Q

things in RLQ

A

ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon

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21
Q

things in LLQ

A

ileum, descending & sigmoid colon

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22
Q

things not in any quadrants

A

rectum & anus (technically in pelvis so inferior to quadrants)

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23
Q

3 abdominal planes +where are they?

A
  1. Midclavicular plane: middle of clavicles
  2. Subcostal plane: below the ribs
  3. Intertubercular plane: tubercles of iliac crests (L5)
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24
Q

label abdominal regions & planes

A

yellow: subcostal plane
green: midclavicular plane
red: intertubercular plane
purple: flank or lumbar region
black: groin/iliac/ inguinal region
grey: pubic or hypogastric region

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25
peritoneum (def.)
serous membrane lining the peritoneal (abdominal) body wall & organs
26
Parietal peritoneum lines the ______
peritoneal cavity (body wall)
27
Visceral peritoneum lines the ______
peritoneal organs (viscera)
28
Mesentery (proper) (def.) + serves as a conduit for ______; also anchors ______); has specific names at different areas
sandwich of peritoneum (2 layers of peritoneum vessels, nerves, & lymphatics organs to body wall
29
Greater omentum is _____ from _____
mesentery greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon (apron-like)
30
Lesser omentum is _____from ______
mesentery lesser curvature of stomach to liver (important structures found here)
31
______ has _____ for ______ and it also has ____ function
Greater omentum lipid deposition temperature control immunological
32
what is intraperitoneal? + list
within peritoneum most of gut tube, liver
33
what organs ate retroperitoneal? + list
-outside the peritoneum -Everything NOT associated with GI in the abdomen (adrenal glands & kidneys, ureters) -Big vessels (abdominal aorta & IVC) -Some anchoring organs (abdominal esophagus, most of the duodenum, pancreas, ascending & descending colon) All pelvic organs below the peritoneum (rectum, urinary bladder, prostate, uterus)
34
label
red: visceral peritoneum blue: mesentery yellow: parietal peritoneum
35
Foregut (def.) + vasculature leading to it ____
-from abdominal esophagus to descending part of duodenum -celiac trunk - same for innervation [celiac ganglia]
36
Midgut (def.) + vasculature leading to it ____
- from descending part of duodenum to left colic flexure of the transverse colon -superior mesenteric artery - same for innervation [SMA ganglia]
37
Hindgut (def.) + vasculature leading to it ____
-from left colic flexure of the transverse colon to rectum -inferior mesenteric artery - same for innervation [IMA ganglia]
38
label blood vessels
red: abdominal aorta blue: celiac trunk yellow: superior mesenteric artery green: inferior mesenteric artery
39
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) goes where?
- Pancreas (1/2) - Duodenum (1/2) - Jejunum - Ileum - Cecum & appendix - Ascending colon - Transverse colon
40
Descending aorta goes where?
Thoracic esophagus
41
Celiac truck goes where?
- Abdominal esophagus - Stomach - Spleen - Liver - Gallbladder - Pancreas (1/2) - Duodenum (1/2)
42
Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) goes where?
- Descending colon - Sigmoid colon - Rectum
43
Renal artery goes where?
- Kidneys - Adrenal glands
44
Gonadal artery goes where?
- Ovaries/testes
45
venous vasculature is ______ except _____
Generally similar to arterial vasculature except NO CELIAC VEIN (splenic vein instead).
46
splenic vein drains blood from ____
the spleen, the stomach fundus and part of the pancreas.
47
All vasculature from GI tube will ______
end up in liver to be filtered via the portal vein
48
Veins from the body wall (_________) will drain directly into _____
renal veins, common iliac veins, gonadal veins the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)
49
label arteries of GI
(left -> top to bottom) superior mesenteric artery renal artery gonadal artery (right -> top to bottom) descending aorta celiac trunk inferior mesenteric artery
50
label vein of GI
green: portal vein red: splenic vein blue: inferior mesenteric vein yellow: superior mesenteric vein purple: inferior vena cava
51
oral cavity epithelium is ___ and protects from ____
stratified squamous epithelium abrasion/stress
52
oral cavity is the site of ____
-Mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces, cheeks) -Lubrication by mixing ingested material with saliva -Start of chemical digestion -amylase (to start the digestion of LARGE carbohydrates)
53
label boundaries of oral cavity
1. Pharyngeal tonsils 2. Palatine tonsils 3. Lingual tonsils yellow: Soft palate to uvula (midline) black: Hard palate (maxillae + palatine bones) purple: lips (skin) green: Cheeks: buccal fat pads + oral mucosa orange: Mandible pink: Floor of the mouth (mylohyoid) brown: hyoid grey: epiglottis blue: Pharynx ; nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx
54
Oral vestibule: ____
space btw lips, cheeks, & teeth
55
Gingiva (gum) is mucosa of ____
oral cavity
56
label (top to bottom)
left : crown, neck, root right : enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva (gum), bone, cement, periodontal ligament (gomphosis), root canals (neurovascular bundle)
57
Different shape & function for each set of teeth:
Incisors: blade-like, clip/cut food Canines: pointed, tears/slash food Premolars (bicuspid): crush/mash/grind food Molars (multi-cuspid): crush/grind food
58
Sensory innervation of teeth by _____ Upper dentition in maxillae is by _____ Lower dentition in mandible is by ______
trigeminal nerve CN V2 (maxillary branch of trigeminal n. – superior alveolar n.) CN V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal n. – inferior alveolar n.)
59
Deciduous teeth characteristics
20 teeth No premolars Eruption 6 to 24 months Shed 6-12 years
60
Permanent teeth characteristics
32 teeth Eruption 6-18 years 1st & 2nd premolars 1st, 2nd & 3rd molars
61
label
brown: Maxillary dental arcade blue: Mandibular dental arcade
62
Most tongue muscles innervated by______
CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)
63
Two types of tongue muscles (controls what?)
Intrinsic -within tongue (no attachments outside tongue) (3 orientations): alter shape of tongue (speech) Extrinsic -outside tongue(4 muscles): alter positioning of tongue; swallowing (push the tongue superiorly & posteriorly)
64
Label muscles of tongue
(left)palatoglossus styloglossus hyoglossus genioglossus (right) superior longitudinal vertical transverse inferior longitudinal septum
65
label muscles of tongue
red: palatoglossus blue: styloglossus yellow: hyoglossus green: genioglossus
66
General sensation innervation of tongue
Mandibular n. (CN V3) Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)
67
Taste receptors (_____) found throughout ____, innervated by _____,______
sweet, sour, salty, bitter & umami) all papillae facial n. (CN VII) via chorda tympani Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)
68
label epithelium of tongue
green: fungiform papillae blue: filiform papillae red: vallate papillae black: apex purple: body pink: terminal sulcus grey: root
69
The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by ______
the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove
70
salivary glands are ____
Exocrine glands with ducts into the oral cavity
71
salivary glands autonomic nervous system: ____
Parasympathetic stimulates secretion Sympathetic inhibits secretion
72
Extra salivary secretion stimulated by: _____
Presence of food in mouth Taste, sight, smell or thought of food
73
Pharynx epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
74
pharynx innervated by _____
CN X (vagus nerve)
75
Glands in throughout pharynx secrete ____
serous & mucous substances
76
Palatal muscles (______) elevate soft palate during swallowing
tensor & levator veli palatini
77
______ (superior, middle, inferior) & ______ help elevate the larynx & push the bolus (chewed food mixed with saliva) towards the esophagus
Pharyngeal constrictor suprahyoid muscles
78
label pharynx top to bottom
-Tensor & levator veli palatini -Superior pharyngeal constrictor -Middle pharyngeal constrictor -Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
79
Peristalsis
propels bolus along the length of the tube Coordination of circular & longitudinal muscles Propulsion forward
80
Segmentation
Mainly circular muscle layer Churn & mix contents NO movement in any particular direction Mechanical digestion
81
esophagus on vertebral column
C6 to T7
82
esophagus innervation
CN X (Vagus nerve)
83
Esophagus epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
84
Esophagus Prevention of reflux & acid erosion
Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) Peristaltic clearance Submucosal glands (mucous) Stratified squamous epithelium Mucous from stomach

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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