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z:Anat 200 > Part 9: Gastrointestinal system I > Flashcards

Part 9: Gastrointestinal system I Flashcards

1
Q

(functions of GI system

A

1) Ingestion: food & liquid intake (oral cavity)
2) Mechanical processing: swirling, mixing, churning, propulsive motions in tract
3) Compaction: dehydration of undigested material & waste into feces (colon to anus)
4) Digestion: chemical & enzymatic breakdown of sugars, lipids, & proteins into small molecules
5) Secretion: acids, enzymes, & buffers by accessory organs
6) Absorption: movement of molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, & water into interstitial fluid
(blood vessels -> liver -> to the rest of the body)
7) Excretion: elimination of undigested residue & waste products

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2
Q

Label Gastrointestinal tract & accessory organs

A

left (top to bottom)
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
(small intest.) Duodenum
(small intest.) Jejunum & ileum
Large intestine
anus

right- accessory glands (top to bottom)
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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3
Q

general histology of the GI tube

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular externis layer
Serosa

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4
Q

layers of mucosa

A

Epithelium : Stratified or simple (depending on stress/beginning & end)
Lamina propria (CT): Glands & immune cells
Muscularis mucosa: Propels content of glands in lumen

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5
Q

submucosa summary + conduit for _____ & contains _____

A

(connective tissue again)
Conduit for vasculature, nerves, & lymphatics
Immune cells, exocrine glands, submucosal nerve plexus

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6
Q

Muscularis externis summary + layers.
At the beginning & end of tube this layer is ______

A

(external muscle layer)
Inner circular smooth mm – Outer longitudinal smooth mm
- skeletal (somatic)

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7
Q

muscularis externis layer of stomach

A

has additional oblique smooth muscle

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8
Q

muscularis externis has this which controls GI motility

A

Myenteric plexus (controls GI motility)

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9
Q

Serosa (______) is _____ (______ membrane)

A

wrapping of the tube
Simple squamous epithelium + connective tissue
serous

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10
Q

Serosa continually produces _____ and has _____

A

watery fluid that lubricates the peritoneal surfaces
two layers = mesentery (see later)

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11
Q

label upper GI organs

A

blue: oral cavity
red: pharynx
green: esophagus

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12
Q

esophagus is found in ____

A

posterior mediastinum

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13
Q

abdominal organs you can only see in anterior view

A

liver
gallbladder

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14
Q

abdominal organs you can only see in posterior view

A

pancreas
kidneys

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15
Q

abdominal organs you can see in anterior &posterior view

A

diaphragm
stomach
spleen (ish)
small intestines
large intestines
anal canal (pelvis)

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16
Q

abdominal quadrants are ___

A

Vertical & horizontal planes intersecting at the umbilicus

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17
Q

label abdominal quadrants

A

red: RUQ - right upper quadrant
blue: LUQ - left upper quadrant
green: RLQ - right lower quadrant
yellow: LLQ - left lower quadrant

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18
Q

things in RUQ

A

liver, gall bladder, duodenum, head of pancreas, transverse colon, right kidney

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19
Q

things in LUQ

A

-stomach
-spleen,
-body & tail of pancreas
- jejunum
-transverse colon
-left kidney

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20
Q

things in RLQ

A

ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon

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21
Q

things in LLQ

A

ileum, descending & sigmoid colon

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22
Q

things not in any quadrants

A

rectum & anus (technically in pelvis so inferior to quadrants)

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23
Q

3 abdominal planes +where are they?

A
  1. Midclavicular plane: middle of clavicles
  2. Subcostal plane: below the ribs
  3. Intertubercular plane: tubercles of iliac crests (L5)
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24
Q

label abdominal regions & planes

A

yellow: subcostal plane
green: midclavicular plane
red: intertubercular plane
purple: flank or lumbar region
black: groin/iliac/ inguinal region
grey: pubic or hypogastric region

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25
Q

peritoneum (def.)

A

serous membrane lining the peritoneal (abdominal) body wall & organs

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26
Q

Parietal peritoneum lines the ______

A

peritoneal cavity (body wall)

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27
Q

Visceral peritoneum lines the ______

A

peritoneal organs (viscera)

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28
Q

Mesentery (proper) (def.) + serves as a conduit for ______; also anchors ______); has specific names at different areas

A

sandwich of peritoneum (2 layers of peritoneum
vessels, nerves, & lymphatics
organs to body wall

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29
Q

Greater omentum is _____ from _____

A

mesentery
greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon (apron-like)

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30
Q

Lesser omentum is _____from ______

A

mesentery
lesser curvature of stomach to liver (important structures found here)

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31
Q

______ has _____ for ______ and it also has ____ function

A

Greater omentum
lipid deposition
temperature control
immunological

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32
Q

what is intraperitoneal? + list

A

within peritoneum
most of gut tube, liver

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33
Q

what organs ate retroperitoneal? + list

A

-outside the peritoneum

-Everything NOT associated with GI in the abdomen (adrenal glands & kidneys, ureters)
-Big vessels (abdominal aorta & IVC)
-Some anchoring organs (abdominal esophagus, most of the duodenum, pancreas, ascending & descending colon)
All pelvic organs below the peritoneum (rectum, urinary bladder, prostate, uterus)

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34
Q

label

A

red: visceral peritoneum
blue: mesentery
yellow: parietal peritoneum

35
Q

Foregut (def.) + vasculature leading to it ____

A

-from abdominal esophagus to descending part of duodenum
-celiac trunk - same for innervation [celiac ganglia]

36
Q

Midgut (def.) + vasculature leading to it ____

A
  • from descending part of duodenum to left colic flexure of the transverse colon
    -superior mesenteric artery - same for innervation [SMA ganglia]
37
Q

Hindgut (def.) + vasculature leading to it ____

A

-from left colic flexure of the transverse colon to rectum
-inferior mesenteric artery - same for innervation [IMA ganglia]

38
Q

label blood vessels

A

red: abdominal aorta
blue: celiac trunk
yellow: superior mesenteric artery
green: inferior mesenteric artery

39
Q

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) goes where?

A
  • Pancreas (1/2)
  • Duodenum (1/2)
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • Cecum & appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
40
Q

Descending aorta goes where?

A

Thoracic esophagus

41
Q

Celiac truck goes where?

A
  • Abdominal esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas (1/2)
  • Duodenum (1/2)
42
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) goes where?

A
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
43
Q

Renal artery goes where?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Adrenal glands
44
Q

Gonadal artery goes where?

A
  • Ovaries/testes
45
Q

venous vasculature is ______ except _____

A

Generally similar to arterial vasculature except NO CELIAC VEIN (splenic vein instead).

46
Q

splenic vein drains blood from ____

A

the spleen, the stomach fundus and part of the pancreas.

47
Q

All vasculature from GI tube will ______

A

end up in liver to be filtered via the portal vein

48
Q

Veins from the body wall (_________) will drain directly into _____

A

renal veins, common iliac veins, gonadal veins
the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

49
Q

label arteries of GI

A

(left -> top to bottom)
superior mesenteric artery
renal artery
gonadal artery

(right -> top to bottom)
descending aorta
celiac trunk
inferior mesenteric artery

50
Q

label vein of GI

A

green: portal vein
red: splenic vein
blue: inferior mesenteric vein
yellow: superior mesenteric vein
purple: inferior vena cava

51
Q

oral cavity epithelium is ___ and protects from ____

A

stratified squamous epithelium
abrasion/stress

52
Q

oral cavity is the site of ____

A

-Mechanical digestion (teeth, tongue, palatal surfaces, cheeks)
-Lubrication by mixing ingested material with saliva
-Start of chemical digestion -amylase (to start the digestion of LARGE carbohydrates)

53
Q

label boundaries of oral cavity

A
  1. Pharyngeal tonsils
  2. Palatine tonsils
  3. Lingual tonsils

yellow: Soft palate to uvula (midline)
black: Hard palate (maxillae + palatine bones)
purple: lips (skin)
green: Cheeks: buccal fat pads + oral mucosa
orange: Mandible
pink: Floor of the mouth (mylohyoid)
brown: hyoid
grey: epiglottis
blue: Pharynx ; nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx

54
Q

Oral vestibule: ____

A

space btw lips, cheeks, & teeth

55
Q

Gingiva (gum) is mucosa of ____

A

oral cavity

56
Q

label (top to bottom)

A

left : crown, neck, root
right : enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, gingiva (gum), bone, cement, periodontal ligament (gomphosis), root canals (neurovascular bundle)

57
Q

Different shape & function for each set of teeth:

A

Incisors: blade-like, clip/cut food
Canines: pointed, tears/slash food
Premolars (bicuspid): crush/mash/grind food
Molars (multi-cuspid): crush/grind food

58
Q

Sensory innervation of teeth by _____
Upper dentition in maxillae is by _____
Lower dentition in mandible is by ______

A

trigeminal nerve
CN V2 (maxillary branch of trigeminal n. – superior alveolar n.)
CN V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal n. – inferior alveolar n.)

59
Q

Deciduous teeth characteristics

A

20 teeth
No premolars
Eruption 6 to 24 months
Shed 6-12 years

60
Q

Permanent teeth characteristics

A

32 teeth
Eruption 6-18 years
1st & 2nd premolars
1st, 2nd & 3rd molars

61
Q

label

A

brown: Maxillary dental arcade
blue: Mandibular dental arcade

62
Q

Most tongue muscles innervated by______

A

CN XII (hypoglossal nerve)

63
Q

Two types of tongue muscles (controls what?)

A

Intrinsic -within tongue (no attachments outside tongue) (3 orientations): alter shape of tongue (speech)
Extrinsic -outside tongue(4 muscles): alter positioning of tongue; swallowing (push the tongue superiorly & posteriorly)

64
Q

Label muscles of tongue

A

(left)palatoglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
genioglossus

(right) superior longitudinal
vertical
transverse
inferior longitudinal
septum

65
Q

label muscles of tongue

A

red: palatoglossus
blue: styloglossus
yellow: hyoglossus
green: genioglossus

66
Q

General sensation innervation of tongue

A

Mandibular n. (CN V3)
Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

67
Q

Taste receptors (_____) found throughout ____, innervated by _____,______

A

sweet, sour, salty, bitter & umami)
all papillae
facial n. (CN VII) via chorda tympani
Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX)

68
Q

label epithelium of tongue

A

green: fungiform papillae
blue: filiform papillae
red: vallate papillae
black: apex
purple: body
pink: terminal sulcus
grey: root

69
Q

The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by ______

A

the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove

70
Q

salivary glands are ____

A

Exocrine glands with ducts into the oral cavity

71
Q

salivary glands autonomic nervous system: ____

A

Parasympathetic stimulates secretion
Sympathetic inhibits secretion

72
Q

Extra salivary secretion stimulated by: _____

A

Presence of food in mouth
Taste, sight, smell or thought of food

73
Q

Pharynx epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium

74
Q

pharynx innervated by _____

A

CN X (vagus nerve)

75
Q

Glands in throughout pharynx secrete ____

A

serous & mucous substances

76
Q

Palatal muscles (______) elevate soft palate during swallowing

A

tensor & levator veli palatini

77
Q

______ (superior, middle, inferior) & ______ help elevate the larynx & push the bolus (chewed food mixed with saliva) towards the esophagus

A

Pharyngeal constrictor
suprahyoid muscles

78
Q

label pharynx top to bottom

A

-Tensor & levator veli palatini
-Superior pharyngeal constrictor
-Middle pharyngeal constrictor
-Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

79
Q

Peristalsis

A

propels bolus along the length of the tube
Coordination of circular & longitudinal muscles
Propulsion forward

80
Q

Segmentation

A

Mainly circular muscle layer
Churn & mix contents
NO movement in any particular direction
Mechanical digestion

81
Q

esophagus on vertebral column

A

C6 to T7

82
Q

esophagus innervation

A

CN X (Vagus nerve)

83
Q

Esophagus epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium

84
Q

Esophagus Prevention of reflux & acid erosion

A

Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
Peristaltic clearance
Submucosal glands (mucous)
Stratified squamous epithelium
Mucous from stomach

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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