Part 5: Neuron & brain structure Flashcards
1
Q
two parts of the nervous system
A
-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)
2
Q
parts of central nervous system
A
-spinal cord
-brain
3
Q
parts of peripheral nervous system
A
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
4
Q
what does the CNS do?
A
-integrate, process, coordinate sensory data (everything you sense)
-controls motor commands (conscious/unconscious)
5
Q
4 higher functions
A
-intelligence
-memory
-learning
-emotions
6
Q
what does the PNS do?
A
-carries sensory info from receptors to CNS
-carrier motor commands from CNS to PNS
7
Q
PNS has ___ & _____ division
A
-afferent
-efferent
8
Q
afferent division of PNS
A
towards midline; carries sensory info to CNS
9
Q
efferent division of PNS
A
away from midline; carries motor info from CNS
10
Q
brain contain (3)_____
A
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem
11
Q
brainstem connects to ___
A
spinal cord
12
Q
collection of cell bodies in CNS is called ____
A
nucleus (nuclei)
13
Q
collection of axons in CNS is called ___
A
tracts
14
Q
collection of cell bodies in PNS is called ___
A
ganglia
15
Q
collection of axons in PNS is called ___
A
nerves
16
Q
PNS spilit into two parts: ____
A
-somatic
-automatic (visceral)
17
Q
somatic system and autonomic system spilt into two parts:____
A
-motor
-sensory
18
Q
motor system of autonomic system split into two parts:____
A
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
19
Q
sensory system of autonomic system allows for ____
A
-identification of general pain/injury to organs (very broad)
20
Q
autonomic system affects ____
A
mostly organs, cardiac and smooth muscle
21
Q
sympathetic system: ___ system
A
flight or fight
22
Q
parasympathetic system:____ system
A
rest or digest
23
Q
two types of cells in nervous system
A
-neurons
-neuroglia
24
Q
neurons are ___
A
nerve cells that conduct signals
25
neuroglia are ____
support cells for neurons
26
neurons form ____ via ___
connections to other cells via synapses
27
the brain has about ____neurons
100 billion
28
neurons are specialized ____
messenger cells
29
A neuron can form ____ connections with other neurons
-100,000
30
all or none response (def.)
the addition of all the signals from other neurons to determine whether the neuron is depolarized
31
the functional unit of CNS/PNS
-neurons
32
neurons encode _____ and does what?
information and transmits it to other neuronal/non-neuronal cells
33
parts of neurons
dendrites
cell body (soma)
axon
synaptic terminals
34
presynaptic neuron
neuron before the synapse
35
postsynaptic neuron
neuron after the synapse
36
dendrites do what?
receive information/input from other neurons and carry signals to cell body
37
synapse are ____
the point of contact of an axon terminal with another cell
38
synapase transmits ___ via ___
nerve impulse via neurotransmitters
39
neurons turn _____ signals into ___ signals
-electrical into chemical
40
3 differences between motor neurons and sensory neurons
-sensory has two axons
-sensory cell body off to the side
-motor: dendrites attached to cell body (1 axon)
41
all sensory neurons have their cell bodies in _____
PNS/ganglia
42
somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in _____
spinal cord/CNS
43
neuroglia cells in PNS
schwann cells and satellite glial cells
44
neuroglia cells in CN
-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
-ependymal cells
45
satellite cells do two things?
-surround sensory neuronal cell body
-supportive role (regulate neurotransmitters, O2, CO2)
46
schwann cells do two things?
-myelinate peripheral axons (sensory and motor)
-one schwann cell per myelinated segment
47
myelin acts as a ___ for ____
phospholipid/fat layer (very little cytoplasm) for insulation
48
nodes of ranvier are ____
spaces between schwann cells on the nerve
49
myelin is a ___ to allow ____
conducting protective membrane to allow signal to travel down the cell
50
nodes of ranvier allows for the ____ so ___
topping off signals so it doesn't run out
51
astrocytes do what?
-maintain the blood-brain barrier, wraps around the blood vessels
52
oligodendrocytes do what?
-wrapping with segments of axon with myelin and form structural framework
53
microglia do what?
-macrophages; brain doesn't have macrophages because of blood-brain barrier
54
ependymal cells do what?
-line ventricles of brain, make cerebrospinal fluid
55
astrocytes create ___
scarring after injury
56
oligodendrocytes ( # myelin per cell)?
multiple
57
brain is floating in _____
cerebrospinal fluid
58
meninges do what?
-cover and protect the CNS
59
Layers of meninges (top to bottom)
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
60
CNS protection layers (top to bottom)
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-fluid filled sac with csf + blood vessels
-pia mater
61
dura mater is the ___
tough outer layer
62
arachnoid mater is ___
see through (can see the blood vessels)
63
when you are touching the brain, you're actually touching ____
pia mater
64
hills and valleys of brain respectively
-gyrus (gyri)- hills
-sulcus (sulci) - valleys
65
3 main parts of the brain
-cerebrum/cerebral cortex
-brainstem
-cerebellum
66
_____ sides of cerebrum/cerebellum
2 (two)
67
5 functions of cerebrum
-higher cognitive function
-language and speech
-somatic motor function
-somatic sensory function
-regulate emotional parts of behavior
68
coordination and regulating of movement (planning area of brain) is _____
-basal ganglia
69
hemispheres of the brain
-left and right hemisphere
70
hemispheres between the brain: connected/unconnected?
-connected
71
fissure that seem between the left and right hemisphere?
-longitudinal (interhemispheric) fissure
72
poles of the brain?
-frontal pole- anterior
-temporal pole (2): side
-occipital pole- posterior
73
4 lobes of cerebrum
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
74
frontal & parietal lobe separated by?
-central (Rolandic) sulcus
75
temporal lobe separated by?
-lateral (sylvian) fissure
76
frontal lobe controls 4 things?
-thinking
-planning
-personality
-motor planning (primary motor cortex)
77
parietal lobe controls 2 things?
-sensory (primary somatosensory cortex)
-perception of self in space
78
primary motor & somatosensory cortex separated by ___
central sulcus
79
occiptal lobe controls?
vision
80
temporal lobe controls 3 things?
learning & memory & hearing
81
preCG is the _____
precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
82
postCG is the _____
postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
83
motor homunculus is a ______
map of motor controls in preCG
84
somatosensory homunculus is a _____
map of sensory info from body in postCG
85
motor homunculus and somatosensory homunculus _____
lines up/overlap in areas of control
86
matter of the brain (two types)
grey matter
white matter
87
grey matter found in what area of the brain?
cortex
88
white matter is the ___
medulla
89
color of white matter is due to the ____
white color of the myelin fat
90
grey matter (cortex) contain ___ (2)
neuronal cell bodies + dendrites
91
four types of fiber tracts in brain
-short association fibres
-long association fibres
-commissural fibres
-projection fibres
92
association fibers are ____
intrahemispheric connections
93
commissural fibres are ____
interhemispheric connections
94
projection fibers ____
travel to and from cortex (spinal cord)
95
cerebellum acts as ____
compactor that compares intended movement with current movement and corrects for errors
96
cerebellum ensures that ____
movements are smooth, coordinated and purposeful (skilled)
97
cerebellum regulates ___
posture and balance
98
cerebellar ataxia involves ____
-intention tremor, lack of balance and coordination
99
3 parts of brainstem
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
100
sensory neuron (unipolar/multipolar)?
(pseudo)unipolar
101
motor neuron (unipolar/mutlipolar)
multipolar
102
If you can see blood vessels on the brain, you are looking at the ____ mater
arachnoid
103
short association fibers connect _____
adjacent gyri
104
long association fibers connect ___
cerebral lobes
105
commissural fibers connect ____
hemispheres
106
sensory tract (def.)
axon bundles in CNS going to cortex
107
motor tract (def.)
axon bundles in CNS going to spinal cord from cortex
108
cerebellar ataxia caused by ___
damage to cerebellum
109
brainstem has 3 parts? (top to bottom)
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
110
brainstem contains ____ pathways that ___
-motor and sensory
-connect cerebral cortex to spinal cord
111
brainstem contains what system?
-reticular activating system
112
reticular activating system is important for what?
arousal of cortex & consciousness
113
brainstem contains centers for regulating ____
heart rate, breathing, swallowing & gag reflex
114
midbrain contains this midbrain?
substantia nigra (black substance)
115
substantia nigra regulates _____
motor activity
116
neuronal degeneration in substantia nigra leads to ____
Parkinson's disease
117
midbrain has ____ (structure) for ______
relay centers for visual and auditory pathways (turn to visual and auditory cues)
118
nerves attached to midbrain?
cranial nerves III & IV
119
pons is the ___
bridge between cerebrum & cerebellum
120
nerves attached to pons?
cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
121
medulla oblongata contains what?
vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centers
122
nerves attached to medulla oblongata
cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII
123
Ventricles of the Brain make ___
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
124
number of lateral ventricles in brain?
2 (two)
125
number of ventricles
-lateral ventricles (2)
-third ventricle
-fourth ventricle (continuous with third ventricles)
126
lateral ventricles have posterior and inferior ___
horns
127
fourth ventricle travels down __
brainstem
128
circle of willis (def.)
joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain
129
label blood supply to brain
black: anterior communicating artery
grey: Anterior Cerebral Artery
purple: Middle Cerebral Artery
orange: Internal Carotid Artery
yellow: posterior communicating artery
green: Posterior Cerebral Artery
blue : Basilar Artery
pink : Vertebral Artery
130
label blood supply to brain
yellow: anterior cerebral artery
blue: posterior cerebral artery
131
label blood supply to brain
blue: middle cerebral artery
purple: anterior cerebral artery
