Part 5: Neuron & brain structure Flashcards
two parts of the nervous system
-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)
parts of central nervous system
-spinal cord
-brain
parts of peripheral nervous system
-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves
what does the CNS do?
-integrate, process, coordinate sensory data (everything you sense)
-controls motor commands (conscious/unconscious)
4 higher functions
-intelligence
-memory
-learning
-emotions
what does the PNS do?
-carries sensory info from receptors to CNS
-carrier motor commands from CNS to PNS
PNS has ___ & _____ division
-afferent
-efferent
afferent division of PNS
towards midline; carries sensory info to CNS
efferent division of PNS
away from midline; carries motor info from CNS
brain contain (3)_____
-cerebrum
-cerebellum
-brainstem
brainstem connects to ___
spinal cord
collection of cell bodies in CNS is called ____
nucleus (nuclei)
collection of axons in CNS is called ___
tracts
collection of cell bodies in PNS is called ___
ganglia
collection of axons in PNS is called ___
nerves
PNS spilit into two parts: ____
-somatic
-automatic (visceral)
somatic system and autonomic system spilt into two parts:____
-motor
-sensory
motor system of autonomic system split into two parts:____
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic
sensory system of autonomic system allows for ____
-identification of general pain/injury to organs (very broad)
autonomic system affects ____
mostly organs, cardiac and smooth muscle
sympathetic system: ___ system
flight or fight
parasympathetic system:____ system
rest or digest
two types of cells in nervous system
-neurons
-neuroglia
neurons are ___
nerve cells that conduct signals
neuroglia are ____
support cells for neurons
neurons form ____ via ___
connections to other cells via synapses
the brain has about ____neurons
100 billion
neurons are specialized ____
messenger cells
A neuron can form ____ connections with other neurons
-100,000
all or none response (def.)
the addition of all the signals from other neurons to determine whether the neuron is depolarized
the functional unit of CNS/PNS
-neurons
neurons encode _____ and does what?
information and transmits it to other neuronal/non-neuronal cells
parts of neurons
dendrites
cell body (soma)
axon
synaptic terminals
presynaptic neuron
neuron before the synapse
postsynaptic neuron
neuron after the synapse
dendrites do what?
receive information/input from other neurons and carry signals to cell body
synapse are ____
the point of contact of an axon terminal with another cell
synapase transmits ___ via ___
nerve impulse via neurotransmitters
neurons turn _____ signals into ___ signals
-electrical into chemical
3 differences between motor neurons and sensory neurons
-sensory has two axons
-sensory cell body off to the side
-motor: dendrites attached to cell body (1 axon)
all sensory neurons have their cell bodies in _____
PNS/ganglia
somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in _____
spinal cord/CNS
neuroglia cells in PNS
schwann cells and satellite glial cells
neuroglia cells in CN
-astrocytes
-oligodendrocytes
-microglia
-ependymal cells
satellite cells do two things?
-surround sensory neuronal cell body
-supportive role (regulate neurotransmitters, O2, CO2)
schwann cells do two things?
-myelinate peripheral axons (sensory and motor)
-one schwann cell per myelinated segment
myelin acts as a ___ for ____
phospholipid/fat layer (very little cytoplasm) for insulation
nodes of ranvier are ____
spaces between schwann cells on the nerve
myelin is a ___ to allow ____
conducting protective membrane to allow signal to travel down the cell
nodes of ranvier allows for the ____ so ___
topping off signals so it doesn’t run out
astrocytes do what?
-maintain the blood-brain barrier, wraps around the blood vessels
oligodendrocytes do what?
-wrapping with segments of axon with myelin and form structural framework
microglia do what?
-macrophages; brain doesn’t have macrophages because of blood-brain barrier
ependymal cells do what?
-line ventricles of brain, make cerebrospinal fluid
astrocytes create ___
scarring after injury
oligodendrocytes ( # myelin per cell)?
multiple
brain is floating in _____
cerebrospinal fluid
meninges do what?
-cover and protect the CNS
Layers of meninges (top to bottom)
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-pia mater
CNS protection layers (top to bottom)
-dura mater
-arachnoid mater
-fluid filled sac with csf + blood vessels
-pia mater
dura mater is the ___
tough outer layer
arachnoid mater is ___
see through (can see the blood vessels)
when you are touching the brain, you’re actually touching ____
pia mater
hills and valleys of brain respectively
-gyrus (gyri)- hills
-sulcus (sulci) - valleys
3 main parts of the brain
-cerebrum/cerebral cortex
-brainstem
-cerebellum
_____ sides of cerebrum/cerebellum
2 (two)
5 functions of cerebrum
-higher cognitive function
-language and speech
-somatic motor function
-somatic sensory function
-regulate emotional parts of behavior
coordination and regulating of movement (planning area of brain) is _____
-basal ganglia
hemispheres of the brain
-left and right hemisphere
hemispheres between the brain: connected/unconnected?
-connected
fissure that seem between the left and right hemisphere?
-longitudinal (interhemispheric) fissure
poles of the brain?
-frontal pole- anterior
-temporal pole (2): side
-occipital pole- posterior
4 lobes of cerebrum
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
frontal & parietal lobe separated by?
-central (Rolandic) sulcus
temporal lobe separated by?
-lateral (sylvian) fissure
frontal lobe controls 4 things?
-thinking
-planning
-personality
-motor planning (primary motor cortex)
parietal lobe controls 2 things?
-sensory (primary somatosensory cortex)
-perception of self in space
primary motor & somatosensory cortex separated by ___
central sulcus
occiptal lobe controls?
vision
temporal lobe controls 3 things?
learning & memory & hearing
preCG is the _____
precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
postCG is the _____
postcentral gyrus (primary sensory cortex)
motor homunculus is a ______
map of motor controls in preCG
somatosensory homunculus is a _____
map of sensory info from body in postCG
motor homunculus and somatosensory homunculus _____
lines up/overlap in areas of control
matter of the brain (two types)
grey matter
white matter
grey matter found in what area of the brain?
cortex
white matter is the ___
medulla
color of white matter is due to the ____
white color of the myelin fat
grey matter (cortex) contain ___ (2)
neuronal cell bodies + dendrites
four types of fiber tracts in brain
-short association fibres
-long association fibres
-commissural fibres
-projection fibres
association fibers are ____
intrahemispheric connections
commissural fibres are ____
interhemispheric connections
projection fibers ____
travel to and from cortex (spinal cord)
cerebellum acts as ____
compactor that compares intended movement with current movement and corrects for errors
cerebellum ensures that ____
movements are smooth, coordinated and purposeful (skilled)
cerebellum regulates ___
posture and balance
cerebellar ataxia involves ____
-intention tremor, lack of balance and coordination
3 parts of brainstem
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
sensory neuron (unipolar/multipolar)?
(pseudo)unipolar
motor neuron (unipolar/mutlipolar)
multipolar
If you can see blood vessels on the brain, you are looking at the ____ mater
arachnoid
short association fibers connect _____
adjacent gyri
long association fibers connect ___
cerebral lobes
commissural fibers connect ____
hemispheres
sensory tract (def.)
axon bundles in CNS going to cortex
motor tract (def.)
axon bundles in CNS going to spinal cord from cortex
cerebellar ataxia caused by ___
damage to cerebellum
brainstem has 3 parts? (top to bottom)
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
brainstem contains ____ pathways that ___
-motor and sensory
-connect cerebral cortex to spinal cord
brainstem contains what system?
-reticular activating system
reticular activating system is important for what?
arousal of cortex & consciousness
brainstem contains centers for regulating ____
heart rate, breathing, swallowing & gag reflex
midbrain contains this midbrain?
substantia nigra (black substance)
substantia nigra regulates _____
motor activity
neuronal degeneration in substantia nigra leads to ____
Parkinson’s disease
midbrain has ____ (structure) for ______
relay centers for visual and auditory pathways (turn to visual and auditory cues)
nerves attached to midbrain?
cranial nerves III & IV
pons is the ___
bridge between cerebrum & cerebellum
nerves attached to pons?
cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII
medulla oblongata contains what?
vital cardio-respiratory regulatory centers
nerves attached to medulla oblongata
cranial nerves IX, X, XI, XII
Ventricles of the Brain make ___
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
number of lateral ventricles in brain?
2 (two)
number of ventricles
-lateral ventricles (2)
-third ventricle
-fourth ventricle (continuous with third ventricles)
lateral ventricles have posterior and inferior ___
horns
fourth ventricle travels down __
brainstem
circle of willis (def.)
joining area of several arteries at the bottom (inferior) side of the brain
label blood supply to brain
black: anterior communicating artery
grey: Anterior Cerebral Artery
purple: Middle Cerebral Artery
orange: Internal Carotid Artery
yellow: posterior communicating artery
green: Posterior Cerebral Artery
blue : Basilar Artery
pink : Vertebral Artery
label blood supply to brain
yellow: anterior cerebral artery
blue: posterior cerebral artery
label blood supply to brain
blue: middle cerebral artery
purple: anterior cerebral artery
