Part 7: Respiratory system Flashcards
Functions of respir. system
-Exchange of gas between the atmosphere and the blood
-Filtration, temperature regulation & humidification of inspired air
-Olfaction - sense of smell
-Production of sound
label parts of system
blue: nasal cavity
purple: nose
orange: larynx
yellow: trachea
black: smaller airways
grey: diaphragm
green: lungs
red: pharynx
upper division of respiratory system function & infection
-filtering and warming air
-cold
lower division of respiratory system function & infection
-filtering, respiratory action
-pneumonia bronchitis
upper RS and lower RS separated by ____
larynx
Two functional portions of RS
-conducting portion -brings air in/out of lungs
-respiratory portion - where gas exchange happens
label upper RS
blue: external nares
green: nasal vestibule (can pinch)
yellow: conchae (bony shells covered in mucosa)
red: internal nares (end of nasal cavity)
black: nasopharynx
grey: eustachian tube - connected to middle ear (air filled chamber)
orange: oropharynx
purple: epiglottis
pink: laryngopharynx
conchae (aka ____) increase ____
turbinate
SA to warm the air
hard palate separates ____
nasal and oral cavities
swallowing mechanism
1) tongue pushes bolus against hard palate
2) tongue pushes bolus backwards into soft palate
3) bolus is in oropharynx
4) larynx moves up closing epiglottis
label
1) hard palate
2) soft palate
3) tongue
4) bolus
5) epiglottis
6) larynx
7) trachea
this is the ____ : the site where _____
root (hilum) of the lung
blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves & airways enter and leave lungs
label lateral view of lungs
red: apex
green: horizontal fissure
blue: oblique fissure
purple: base
grey: superior
black: inferior lobe - on the posterior side
yellow: middle
orange: cardiac notch
pink: lingula
each lobe in lung is ___
almost completely separate
label medial view
blue: hilum
yellow: superior
green: middle
grey: inferior
black: horizontal fissure
red: oblique fissure
orange: cardiac impression ( + aortic impression around hilum)
pleura of lungs are a ___ membrane + function
serous membrane (split into left and right pleura cavity)
reduces friction during respiration
label pleura + function
red- parietal pleura: covers inside of body wall (ribs + diaphragm included)
blue - visceral pleura: covers lungs
space between pleura is _____
intrapleural space (has serous fluid)
the pleural recesses are ____ that provide _____
-parts of the pleura that extend past lungs
-additional space for the lungs to expand during forced inspiration
pleura folds ____
in on itself to create two layers
label major airways
blue: trachea
red: primary bronchi
yellow: secondary & tertiary bronchi
green: bronchioles
purple: terminal bronchioles (last part of conducting portion of RS)
this is the distinguishing feature of conducting RS
cartilage rings
label
blue: esophagus
green: cartilage rings
red: smooth muscle
yellow: trachea
purple: larynx
black: primary bronchi
bronchioles have no ____
cartilage
terminal bronchiole vs respiratory bronchioles
no alveoli vs some alveoli
alveoli has highly associated with _____
capillaries
label terminal airways
blue: terminal bronchiole (last conducting airway)
orange: respiratory bronchioles
purple: alveolar ducts
green: alveolar sac
conducting airways do what while respiratory do what?
-warms, moistens, and conducts air
-both conduct air & respire
structure and function of airway wall
Cartilage -Found in larger airways , Helps keep airways open
Smooth muscle- mostly in smaller airways, controls diameter of airway
Elastic Fibers- predominate in smaller airways and respiratory portion
Constriction of smooth muscle in smaller airways reduces _____; Elastic recoil provides _____
airflow
force for expiration
Smooth muscle contraction in bronchioles caused by:
Parasympathetic nerve stimulation
Mediators of allergic reactions (histamine)
asthmatic airway during attack has ___
tightened smooth muscle with inflamed and thickened wall
Emphysema is the ___ which lowers ___ and reduces____. It is caused by ___
breakdown of alveolar walls
SA for gas exchange; reduced efficiency
elastic recoil due to loss of elastic fibers
smoking, other irritants, (pollution, dust)
respiratory epithelium in nasal cavity, nasopharynx, large airways
-pseudostratified columnar epithelium (cilated)
-mucus layer floats on serous layer
respiratory epithelium in oropharynx
Stratified squamous non-keratinized
respiratory epithelium as you move into smaller tubes (general)
-Simple columnar
-Simple cuboidal
-Simple squamous
alveolar wall is (epithelial type) ____ so ___
simple squamous epithelial (thin) so air and blood are very close together
How many plasma membranes does an oxygen molecule cross to pass from air space to bind a hemoglobin molecule in a red blood cell?
5
label path of oxygen molecule
1) alveolar epithelial cell
2) basement membrane
3+4) capillary endothelial cell
5) RBC PM
types of alveolar cells are ___
-lined by continuous monolayer type I alveolar cells (most of surface)
-type II alveolar cells (7%)
Type II alveolar cells function
-produce surfactant (detergent: contains lipoproteins)- reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
-progenitor cells in injury to type I cells, multiply + differentiate into type I cells
surfactant prevents _____
alveolar walls from sticking together and collapsing
Alveolar Macrophages function
They Ingest debris in alveoli which enter airways and become trapped in mucus sheets and carried toward pharynx by ciliary action
label pathway
red: pulmonary vein
blue: alveolar capillaries
yellow: lymphatic vessel
green: airway
purple: pulmonary artery
pulmonary veins don’t ____, carry ____ and travel in ___
follow pathway of bronchi
oxygenated blood
interlobular CT
pulmonary lymphatic vessels don’t ____, carry ____ and travel in ___
follow pathway of bronchi
extra fluid
interlobular CT
pulmonary arteries carry ____ and travel + branch_ ___
deoxygenated blood
with airways
each capillary is trapped ____
between two alveolar sac
diaphragm is ____ covered in____ + label
thin layer dome
parietal pleura
red -heart pericardial sac
blue- inferior vena cava
green - diaphragm
yellow - aorta
pleural cavities are _____ spaces so when it expands, pressure ______. When diaphragm contracts, lungs ____ and what happens?
closed
decreases
expand to equalize pressure
inspiration happens (air moves into lungs
Muscles of Quiet Breathing (____): Inhalation
Eupnea
Contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm increases volume of pleural cavity, causing inhalation.
Muscles of Quiet Breathing: Exhalation
Relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm decreases volume of pleural cavity, causing exhalation.
Muscles of Forced Inhalation
external intercostals + diaphragm
(plus) muscles that elevate rib cage
scalenes - elevates ribs 1-2
pectoralis minor -elevates ribs 3-5
sternocleidomastoid- elevates sternum
Muscles of Forced Exhalation
internal intercostals
(plus) Muscles that depress the rib cage can help with exhalation
abdominal wall muscles -moves ribs inferiorly, move diaphragm up
Exhalation(quiet breathing) is due to two things:
Relaxation of external intercostals and diaphragm
Elastic recoil of lung tissue
