Part 11: Male reproductive system Flashcards
Functions of the male reproductive system
-Produce male gametes (spermatozoa), testosterone (sex hormone), & seminal fluid
-Temporary storage for spermatozoa
-Delivery of spermatozoa to the female reproductive tract
parts of reproductive system
Gonads (testes)
Reproductive tract (ducts)
Accessory glands
Organ of copulation (penis)
parts of Reproductive tract (ducts)
epididymis
vas deferens
List of Accessory glands
Seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
Pituitary gland
Parietal peritoneum (def.)
lining the peritoneal cavity (body wall) – separate the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity
pelvic organs are all outside (below) the _____
peritoneal cavity (retroperitoneal)
label pelvic anatomy
yellow: urinary bladder
red: testis
black: epididymis
orange: scrotum
grey: bulbourethral gland
gold: prostate gland & ejaculatory duct
brown: seminal vesicle
blue: retrovesicle pouch
green: ureter
urogenital triangle (def.)
anterior half of the diamond-shaped perineum; defined by pubis symphysis anteriorly and the ischial tuberosities anterolaterally
anal triangle (def.)
posterior half of the diamond-shaped perineum; defined by coccyx posteriorly and the ischial tuberosities anterolaterally
Perineal muscles are all innervated by _____
pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
Muscles over erectile tissues of genitalia increases _____ & ___
blood flow & help with ejaculation
label perineal muscles
top
external urethral sphincter
levator ani
external anal sphincter
levator ani function
support pelvic organs (pelvic diaphragm)
crus (crura) = __
leg
corpus (corpora) = ___
body
Erectile tissue & surrounding muscles
yellow
crus of penis (attached part of corpus cavernosum) –> corpus cavernosa
associated muscle: ischiocaverosus muscle
blue
bulb of penis (attached part of corpus spongiosum) –> corpus spongiosum with urethra
associated muscle: bulbospongiosus muscle
The spermatic cord is a tube that has ____
vas deferens
pampiniform plexus
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus (___ ) and testicular artery (___)
vein
artery
spermatic cord + cremaster enter scrotal sac through ___
inguinal ring
Semen consists of:
Spermatozoa/sperm (gametes)
Secretions of accessory glands (seminal fluid)
Spermatogenesis (def.)
production of sperm
seminiferous tubules in ___ makes ______
testes
spermatozoa
Epididymis function. where?
maturation & increase motility of sperm; connected to testis
Vas deferens function
transport of sperm from scrotum to ejaculatory ducts
testis is the _____ and produces _____
primary sex organ of male reproductive organ
Produce sperm (gamete) & testosterone (sex hormone)
The ______ is a layer of fibrous tissue capsule covering the testis. It is covered by the _____.
blue: tunica albuginea
red: tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea is _____ and bulges _______ to form ________ where ______
-highly vascularized
-posteriorly
-mediastinum testis
-blood, lymph & nerves enter similar to hilum
label testis
blue: Tunica albuginea
red: Seminiferous tubules
purple: Rete testis - testis connection to epididymis
orange: Epididymis
Seminiferous tubules (descr.)
250 lobules in testis separated by septa –> 1-4 seminiferous tubule per lobule
Seminiferous tubules are embedded in ____
CT with blood, lymph, nerves, & interstitial cells
Seminiferous tubules are lined by ______. Cells present: _______
germinal/stem epithelium
Spermatogenic cells (spermatogonia) - undiffer. male germ cell
Sertoli cells - needed for support of spermatogenesis
_____, also known as _____ of the testes are found near the ______in the testicle and produce _____
Leydig cells
interstitial cells
seminiferous tubules
testosterone
lumen of seminiferous tubules has ___
spermatozoa
Spermatogenesis (def.)
sperm formation
steps of spermatogenesis
1) Spermatocytogenesis: differentiation of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes (mitosis)
2) Meiosis: reduce diploid chromosomal complement to form haploid spermatids
3) Spermiogenesis: transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
Spermatogonia (def.)
germ cells (mitosis from puberty throughout life)
secondary spermatocytes are produced after ___
primary spermatocytes undergoes 1st meiotic division
spermatids are produced after ___
secondary spermatocytes undergoes 2nd meiotic division
sertoli (epithelial) cells support support, protect, nourish______, secrete _____, helps maintain ______, ingest _____ and establish ____
spermatogenic cells
fructose-rich fluid
testosterone levels for spermatogenesis
excess cytoplasm of spermatozoa
blood-testis barrier (tight junction)
At birth, testes contain only _____
spermatogonia & Sertoli cells
______ do not develop until puberty
Spermatocytes, spermatids, & spermatozoa
Spermiogenesis (def.)
Final stage of spermatogenesis; Transformation of round spermatid (haploid) into asymmetric spermatozoon
acrosome of spermatozoon breaks down _____; contains ______
when sperm contacts egg
enzymes that bore hole in zona pellucida
Mitochondria in midpiece of spermatozoon produce _____
ATP that generates the beating of the flagellum
label spermatozoon
red: acrosome
yellow: nucleus
green: mitochondria
blue: tail (flagellum)
purple: midpiece
pink: head
Myoid cells in ____ produce _____that help propel the contents of seminiferous tubules toward_____
seminiferous tubules
rhythmic movements
the rete testis (to epididymis)
Leydig cells (descr.) + Produce & secrete ____
- Round to polygonal cells in the interstitial regions with large central nucleus
- testosterone at puberty
Testosterone regulates _______, Stimulates ______, influence ____
-spermatogenesis
-development & maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics, growth & metabolism throughout the body
-brain development
At puberty: ________from the hypothalamus) begins the regulation of _____ (produced by _____)
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH
FSH & LH
anterior pituitary gland
_______ stimulates Sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis. _____ stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
_____ can release _____to depress the anterior pituitary from producing FSH & LH
Sertoli cells
inhibin
label pelvic anatomy
purple: penile urethra
green: external orifice
blue: seminal vesicle
orange: prostate gland
red: ejaculatory duct
pink: bulbourethral gland
cells of epididymis
Simple epithelium surrounded by layers of smooth muscle composed of 2 types of cells:
- Tall ciliated cells (moves sperm along)
- Short absorptive cells (absorbs everything released by maturing sperm)
_____, also called vas deferens
ductus deferens
vas deferens has 2 layers of _____ and move sperm via ___
2 layers of smooth muscle: move sperm via peristaltic contraction
vas deferens conduct sperm from ____ to ____
epididymis to seminal vesicles
ampulla of vas deferens (def.)
is an enlargement of the vas deferens at the fundus of the bladder which acts as a reservoir for sperm
ejaculatory duct = ___ + ____
seminal vesicle
vas deferens
label posterior view
black : ureter
grey : ampulla
purple: seminal vesicle
red: ejaculatory duct
orange: prostate gland
green: bulbourethral gland
teal: corpus cavernosum
blue: coepus spongisum
seminal vesicles produces ___% of seminal fluid
prostate gland produces ___% of seminal fluid
70
30
bulbourethral gland does what?
Neutralizes & lubricates urethra
seminal vesicles mucosa is ______
highly amplified – great number of thin complex folds that fill lumen (epithelium cells rich in secretory glands)
seminal vesicles supports & increase ____. fluid contains ___ and _____
amount of secretion
coagulating factors for clotting of semen
high content of fructose (Energy source for sperm to enable movement of sperm towards ovum)
Prostate gland (descr.)
Dense walnut-sized gland below urinary bladder that surround initial portion of urethra (prostatic urethra)
prostate gland fluid contains _____
hydrolytic enzymes (produced by epithelium in glands)
Liquefy ejaculated clotted semen
Releases spermatozoa
bulbourethral glands secrection is ____
thick, sticky, alkaline mucous to neutralize & lubricate penile urethra
penis is surrounded by ____
erectile tissue
label cross section of penis
blue: Corpora cavernosa (deep arteries)
orange: loose CT
purple: Tunica albuginea –> Fibrous CT with dense collagen bundles permitting extension of erectile tissue
red: Corpus spongiosum (penile/spongy urethra)
Erectile tissue of the penis contain_____
Large interconnecting vascular spaces lined with endothelial cells, separated by trabeculae (CT & smooth mm.)
Vasculature of erectile tissue
Central arteries supply blood to corpora cavernosa (within erectile tissue)/corpus spongiosum receives arterial blood from surrounding CT
All corpora drained by veins in surrounding CT sheath
Mechanism of erection
-Parasympathetic stimulation causes vasodilation of central arteries
2. Erectile tissue (vascular spaces) becomes engorged with blood (trabeculae & smooth mm. are relaxed)
3. Peripheral veins become compressed against TA, which blocks venous outflow (produces rigidity of erectile tissue)
4. Sympathetic stimulation causes ejaculation (constriction of arteries & muscle)
Spongy urethra transitions between______to _______in glans of penis
urinary (transitional) epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium and even keratinized
Urethral glands (glands of Littre) are ____(help ______with lubrication of the penile urethra)
mucous secreting all along urethra
bulbourethral glands
