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z:Anat 200 > Part 4: Integumentary system > Flashcards

Part 4: Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

Membranes Composed of

A

epithelium (epidermis) & connective tissue (dermis)

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2
Q

type of membrane skin

A

cutaneous membrane(epidermis +dermis)

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3
Q

skin heals ___

A

easily

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4
Q

accessory structures of skin

A

Exocrine glands
Hair
Nails (variant of hair)

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5
Q

Major functions of skin

A
  1. a barrier
  2. Thermoregulation
  3. Sensation
  4. Metabolic functions (vitamin D, subcutaneous fat)
  5. Social functions (identity of social animals)
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6
Q

constriction- heat ____, dilation- heat ____

A

in
out

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7
Q

All 4 tissue types are represented in ____

A

skin

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8
Q

Skin structure

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle (smooth muscle)
  4. Nerve
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9
Q

nerve of skin does what?

A

-Controls the smooth muscle in CT
- Generates sensation (tactile,pressure, temperature, pain)
- Stimulates exocrine glands

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10
Q

Muscle of skin does what>

A

Controls the diameter of blood vessels /hair position

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11
Q

CT of skin does what?

A

-Supports epithelial tissue
-Provides strength & elasticity
-Important for thermoregulation

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12
Q

Structure of epidermis (5 layers) -superficial to deep (Come, Let’s Get Sun Burnt)

A

-Stratum corneum
-Stratum lucidum* (in non-hairy skin only)
-Stratum granulosum
-Stratum spinosum
-Stratum basale (germinativum)

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13
Q

_____cells producing keratin (tough protein that helps epidermis with its protective properties)

A

Keratonized stratified squamous epithelial

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14
Q

structure of dermis

A

-dermal papilla
dermis reticular layer (scaffolding)

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15
Q

Stratum germinativum (basal layer) is ____ composed of _____

A

the deepest layer composed of large cuboidal basal stem cells and 2 other types of cells (Merkel cells & melanocytes)

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16
Q

in stratum germinativum, stem cells constantly divide to give rise to ____

A

new keratinocytes (most abundant epithelial cells in epidermis)

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17
Q

Keratinocytes synthesize _____ which is a _____

A

keratin
tough fibrous protein to replace the dead ones that flake off

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18
Q

Stratum germinativum forms ____. makes sure that _____

A

basal lamina; this makes sure that the epithelium is firmly attached to the basal membrane (with CT – dermis)

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19
Q

Merkel (tactile) cells is ____ cell type but abundant ______. It is important for ____ because it has _____ receptor. It interacts with _____ fibre collectively called ____

A

-least common
-where skin has no hair (fingertips, lips)
-touch sensation
-sensory touch receptor - tactile
- dermal nerve fibre
-Tactile (Merkel) disc

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20
Q

Melanocytes synthesizes _____ by transferring _____ to ______. They contain ______ between _____.

A

of melanocyte cells depend by region of the body (ex. palm of hand) but NOT by people

melanin pigment
melanin granules to keratinocytes
long and slender processes
keratinocytes

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21
Q

Melanin granules are _____by keratinocytes – form _____ to protect DNA from _____.

A

phagocytized
“umbrella” over nucleus
UV radiation

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22
Q

What determines skin tone?

A

Activity (granules produced) of melanocytes

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23
Q

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) composed of _____

A

several layers (8-10) of living keratinocytes & Langerhans cells

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24
Q

Stratum spinosum (spiny layer) have ______ that attach ______ together, providing ______ (gives the _____ appearance of layer)

A

desmosomes
keratinocytes
strength
spiny

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25
Q

Langerhans (dendritic) cells are a type of ____ that comes from _____ and migrates to _____. Function?

A

macrophage
bone marrow
epidermis
engulf foreign microbes, immune response

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26
Q

Langerhans (dendritic) cells found in great numbers?

A

found in great numbers in the oral cavity, esophagus, anal canal, & vaginal canal

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27
Q

Stratum granulosum (granular layer) is _____. They produce ______.

A

-3-5 layers of mature keratinocytes
-2 types of granules

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28
Q

Types of granules produced by stratum granulosum. Too much of both granules is due to _____

A

Keratohyalin granules: keratin (protein) producing; important for cornification

Lamellar granules: water-resistant glycolipids, which stick cells together, & responsible for waterproof properties of skin

abrasion = calluses

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29
Q

Keratinization (def.)

A

accumulation of keratin from deep to superficial layers as cells mature, cells also start to die (away from nutrient source)

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30
Q

Stratum lucidum (clear layer) has large amounts of ______. This layer is only found ___

A

keratin & thickened plasma membranes
in volar/thick hairless skin (palmar & plantar skin)

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31
Q

Stratum lucidum (clear layer) has no _________. Cells have no _____

A

nutrients or oxygen at this level
nucleus or organelles (3-5 layers)

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32
Q

Stratum corneum has _____. The cells have no ____. This layer is ____ and provides _____

A

multiple layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes (up to 30 layers), organelles,
keratinized
protection

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33
Q

Cells continuously shed (called _____: dandruff is clumps of _____ from the scalp)

A

dander
dander stuck together with oil

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34
Q

From basal to corneum = ____days (mitosis active at ____, shedding occurs during the ____). Injury or mechanical stress accelerates division and can result in ____

A

30-40
night
day
more keratin (therefore calluses)

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35
Q

Interface between dermis & epidermis

A

1: Epidermal ridge
2: Dermal papilla

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36
Q

layers of dermal papilla

A

papillary layer (superficial)
reticular layer

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37
Q

Peak-and-valley interface between dermis & epidermis allows for _____ (can resist _____)

A

a tight bond between different layers of skin
shearing stresses

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38
Q

Sensitive areas (lips, genitals) dermal papillae are _____allowing nerve fibres & capillaries to be ____

A

tall
near the surface

39
Q

Papillary layer of dermis supports _____

A

Connection to the epidermis

40
Q

Papillary layer of dermis have what type of CT?

A

Areolar connective tissue (loose CT)

41
Q

Papillary layer of dermis contains _____

A

nerve endings (Meissner’s corpuscles: touch & vibrations) & many capillaries (oxygen, nutrients, WBC & other immune defenses)

42
Q

Reticular layer of dermis type of CT

A

Dense irregular connective tissue (thicker layer: 80%)

43
Q

Reticular layer contains _____ (provides ______ to skin). It also contains ____.

A

collagen bundles & elastic fibres extensibility & elasticity
Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, hair follicles, glands, adipocytes between fibre bundles

44
Q

Skeletal muscles of the face attach here for facial expressions?

A

Reticular layer

45
Q

Lines of cleavage

A
  • Collagen fibre bundles in dermis align differently in different regions of body
  • Collagen fibre bundles align along these lines of tension to resist stretching) in the reticular layer of the dermis and form lines of cleavage
46
Q

Lines of cleavage + surgery

A

surgeons will try to cut parallel to line of cleavage

47
Q

stretch marks + lines of cleavage

A

Stretch marks are due to scarring due to internal damage of collagen bundles & stretching of vasculature
red streaks: tearing of vessels
white streaks: lack of vasculature after tearing

48
Q

hypodermis aka ______.It stabilizes ______

A

superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue (layer under the skin)
position of skin relative to underlying tissues

49
Q

Hypodermis (def.) + function

A

Loose connective tissue that stores fat (adipose)

-pads the body, serves as energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation (also has blood vessels & sensory receptors)

50
Q

People with _____ adipose are more sensitive to temperatures (elderly)

A

less

51
Q

skin tone varies throughout body due to ____

A

thickness of skin & dermal papillae

52
Q

3 pigments are responsible for skin tone

A

Melanin – yellow/tan/brown/black from melanocytes in stratum basale (protects from UV radiation)

Hemoglobin – red pigment in dermal blood vessels (check nail body, around the lips)

Carotene – yellow/orange in stratum corneum & hypodermis (precursor to vitamin A)

53
Q

Skin tone can be diagnostic:
cyanosis: _____
erythema _____
jaundice ____
pallor _____
hematoma _____

A

lack of O2- blue
pooling of RBC -red
bilirubin - yellow
pale - low blood flow
bruising – clotted blood - purple

54
Q

Skin tissue damage summary

A

Excessive UV radiation, heat, electricity, chemicals

55
Q

1st degree of skin tissue damage to ____

A

epidermis, mild pain, erythema (flaking after 3-6 days)

56
Q

2nd degree of skin tissue damage to ____

A

epidermis & some dermis (most structures still function), blister formation, edema, redness, pain (scarring after 3-4 weeks)

57
Q

3rd degree of skin tissue damage to ____

A

hypodermis, skin functions lost, numb (no sensory endings), granulation forms, skin grafting may be needed

58
Q

Merocrine (sweat gland)

A

Normal exocytosis

59
Q

Apocrine (mammary gland)

A

Apical surface pinched off

60
Q

Holocrine (sebaceous gland)

A

Entire cell released

61
Q

4 types of exocrine cutaneous glands

A
  1. Sweat glands
  2. Sebaceous glands
  3. Ceruminous glands
  4. Mammary glands
62
Q

Sweat glands secrete ____ + 2 types

A

water & electrolytes
2 types: merocrine secretion (most common) & apocrine secretion (puberty)

63
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete _____

A

oily lipid (sebum) that coats hair & skin surface (Holocrine secretion)

64
Q

Ceruminous glands secretes ______

A

earwax (apocrine secretion)

65
Q

Mammary glands secretes ______

A

breast milk (apocrine secretion)

66
Q

Sweat glands (sudoriferous glands) release _____

A

secretions onto the skin (directly or via hair follicle)

67
Q

Merocrine sweat gland secrete______. where? controlled by _____. Can also be released due to ______

A

-regular sweat (water & electrolytes) directly onto skin surface
-distributed over most of body but more numerous on palms, soles, & forehead
-the sympathetic nervous system (autonomic)
-stress, fear, embarrassment

68
Q

Apocrine sweat gland secrete _____. where? Strongly influenced by _____
sweat contains _____Secretion of _____. Stimulated during ______

A

-odiferous sweat (puberty) opens into a hair follicle
-Specific to some body regions (axilla, groin, breast areola, male facial hair)
-(sexual) hormones
-water, electrolytes, lipids, proteins (acted on by bacteria to produce odor)
-emotional stress & arousal

69
Q

Sebaceous glands produces ____ which inhibits ____. Open mainly onto _____. Onset of puberty causes _____

A

sebum
bacterial growth
hair follicle
glands to increase in size & sebum secretion to increase

70
Q

Acne is inflammation of ______

A

sebaceous glands & follicles

71
Q

Both hair & nails are composed of _____

A

dead keratinized cells (with HARD keratin)

72
Q

Pilus (pili) (def.)

A

slender filament of keratinized cells that grow from a tube (follicle)

73
Q

Hair coves _____

A

all body surfaces, except volar skin (hands & feet), lips, nipples, & parts of genitalia

74
Q

3 types of hair

A

1) lanugo (fine hair foetus to birth)
2) vellus (most hair on body surfaces)
3) terminal hair (longer, coarser, & pigmented)

75
Q

Anatomy of hair follicle (3 parts)

A

Bulb (1) (deep in dermis cell growth occurs)
Root (2)(deep to shaft, penetrates dermis)
Shaft (3) (above the skin/epidermis)

76
Q

Hair papilla of hair is _______. Hair follicle has an ______

A

sole source of nutrition
epithelial root sheath & a CT root sheath

77
Q

Hair receptors (nerve fibres) are associated with ______

A

the root sheath

78
Q

Arrector pili (def.)

A

smooth muscle from dermal collagen fibres (at the papillary layer of the dermis) to the root sheath (sympathetic nervous system – goose bumps)

79
Q

Texture of hair is depending on _____

A

keratin

80
Q

Colour of hair is determined by ______

A

pigment in the cells of the cortex from the melanocytes

81
Q

Root sheath of hair (def.)

A

epithelial & dermal

82
Q

Cortex of hair (def.)

A

densely packed elongated keratinized cells (most of the hair)

83
Q

Medulla of hair (def.)

A

2-3 layers of cells or irregular shape with presence of air

84
Q

Cuticle of hair (def.)

A

single layer of scaly (hardest keratin) flat cells overlapping one another (exposed edge pointing up)

85
Q

Hair papilla of hair (def.)

A

hair matrix (germinal cells around papilla that give rise to all cells, including epithelial root sheath

86
Q

Hair growth cycle & hair loss

A

Growth stage: stem cells from hair matrix multiply & push existing cells superficially, these cells become keratinize & die (2-6 years in scalp hair)

Regression stage: cells in hair matrix stop dividing, preventing further growth. Hair follicle atrophies (shrinks: 2-3 weeks)

Resting stage: Metabolic activity is reduced, hair loses its anchorage & falls out after 3 months

85% of hair in growth stage at any given time, influenced by illness, diet, stress, hormones (70-100 hairs lost/day)

87
Q

Label hair

A

1) root sheath
2) cortex
3) medulla
4) hair papilla
5) melanocytes
6) cuticle

88
Q

Nail is a ______

A

Clear scale-like modification of epidermis on distal, dorsal surface of fingers & toes (hard dead keratinized cells)

89
Q

nail root (def.)

A

stratum basale -lunula

90
Q

nail body (def.)

A

stratum corneum

91
Q

cuticle of nail

A

band of epidemris (stranum corneum)

92
Q

hyponychium

A

nail bed ( stratum corneum)

93
Q

label nail

A

black: free edge
grey: eponychium
purple: nail body
red:lunula
yellow: distal phalanx
brown: nail root (under skin)
blue: hyponychium

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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