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z:Anat 200 > Part 3: Introduction to muscular tissue > Flashcards

Part 3: Introduction to muscular tissue Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of muscle tissue + (moves ___)

A
  • Skeletal – moves body
  • Cardiac – moves blood
  • Smooth – moves food, liquid, air
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2
Q

muscle cells are ____

A

Specialized cells with contractile & conducting properties

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3
Q

muscle tissue provides ability to ____

A

1) move
2) regulate organ volumes
3) maintain posture
4) communicate
5) produce body heat

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4
Q

4 properties of muscle tissue

A

Excitability: ability to respond to stimulation (e.g., nerves, hormones)

Contractility: ability to shorten in response to an action potential

Extensibility: ability to contract over different lengths (range – without injury)

Elasticity: ability to regain original length after contraction

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5
Q

Major characteristics of skeletal muscle

A

1) somatic structures (under voluntary control though not always conscious)
2) innervated by spinal nerves & cranial nerves
3) contractile organs (long fibres that contract along longitudinal axis) that attach directly or indirectly onto bones
4) Their contractions produce motion of the body

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6
Q

Major functions of skeletal muscle

A

1) Produce movement at various joints of the skeleton
2) Maintain posture & body position (even at rest)
3) Support soft tissues
4) Regulate entering & exiting of material (sphincters in digestive & urinary systems)
5) Maintain body temperature
6) Communication (verbal & non-verbal expressions)

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7
Q

A skeletal muscle is surrounded by _____ (becomes continuous with ____)

A

an epimysium
periosteum

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8
Q

Muscle belly is composed of _______

A

bundles of muscle fascicles

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9
Q

A muscle fascicle is surrounded by ______ which does what?

A

an perimysium
protect from damage, contains capillaries & nerve fibres)

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10
Q

Each fascicle is composed of _______

A

bundles of muscle fibres (muscle cells)

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11
Q

A muscle fibre is surrounded by _______. Each fibre is composed of ______

A

an endomysium
bundles of myofibrils

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12
Q

Each myofibril is composed of _______

A

bundles of myofilaments (proteins responsible for muscle contraction)

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13
Q

Label

A

(left) Epimysium
Muscle fascicle
Endomysium
Perimysium

(right) Nerve
Muscle fibres
Blood vessels

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14
Q

Label

A

Perimysium
Muscle fibre
Endomysium

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15
Q

Label

A

(left) Mitochondria
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
Axon
Sarcoplasm

(right) Capillary
Endomysium
Myosatellite cell
Nucleus

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16
Q

sacrolemma (def.)

A

cell membrane of muscle fibre

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17
Q

sacroplasma (def.)

A

cytoplasm in muscle cell

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18
Q

Muscle fibres develop through the fusion of cells called _____

A

myoblasts

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19
Q

Myosatellite cells are ____

A

Only stem cells that remain; repair damaged muscle tissue

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20
Q

Muscle fibre length

A

40 cm

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21
Q

Myofibril (def.)

A

Contractile element composed of myofilaments (protein that exhibit striations)

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22
Q

Thin filament (def.)

A

actin

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23
Q

Thick filament (def.)

A

myosin

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24
Q

Mitochondrial activity + chemical breakdown of glycogen =

A

ATP power for muscle contraction

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25
Q

Myoglobin contains ____

A

stored oxygen

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26
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores _____

A

Ca2+ to promote muscle contraction

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27
Q

Transverse tubule conducts _____

A

electrical impulses (action potential) for muscle fibre contraction

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28
Q

_____is the basic contractile unit of a muscle (~ 10 000 per myofibril)

A

Sarcomere

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29
Q

Boundaries of a sarcomere are a _____

A

pair of Z-lines (protein discs repeated along myofibril)

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30
Q

Centre of a sarcomere is _____

A

an M-Line (middle – stabilize position of myosin)

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31
Q

elastic protein that connects myosin to Z lines

A

Titin

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32
Q

Label

A

top: titin
bottom (l to r): Z-line , M-line, Z-line

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33
Q

H-band contains ______

A

thick filaments only

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34
Q

I-band: (isotropic – light – uniform in each direction) contains ____

A

thin filaments only

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35
Q

A-band: (anisotropic – dark – directionally dependent) contains _____

A

both thin & thick filaments

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36
Q

Zone of overlap is where?

A

striations & where calcium ions are released

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37
Q

Label

A

top: I-band, H-band, I-band
bottom: A-band

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38
Q

Sliding Filament Theory contraction effects.

A

1) Actin slide toward each other
2) Width of the I-band & H-band decreases
3) Zone of overlap gets larger
4) Z lines move closer together
5) Width of the A-band remains constant

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39
Q

Sliding Filament Theory descr.

A

Cross-bridging between thick & thin filament ;Triggered by presence of calcium ions ; Requires ATP

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40
Q

nerve stimulating muscle steps

A

1) Muscle cells (fibres) are innervated by somatic motor neurons they penetrates epimysium, then perimysium, & ends at a muscle fibre through the endomysium.
2) Axon terminal at the tip of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) where it releases acetylcholine - Ach
3) signals the muscle cell to contract
4) Contraction is an all or none phenomenon

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41
Q

Steps That Initiate a Muscle Contraction

A

1) ACh released, binding to receptors in sarcolemma
2) Action potential reaches T tubule
3) Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+
4) Active site exposure and cross-bridge
formation
5)Contraction Begins (power stroke)

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42
Q

Steps That End a Muscle Contraction

A

1) ACh removed by AChE (acetylcholinesterase – enzyme)
2) Sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures Ca2+
3)Active sites covered, no cross-bridge interaction
4) Contraction ends – this still needs an ATP to occur
5) Relaxation occurs, passive
return to resting length (once myosin head is released)

43
Q

All the muscle cells controlled by a single motor neuron constitute ______

A

a motor unit (1 neuron & all fibres it controls)

44
Q

Smaller motor units control the contraction of a small number of fibres, therefore creates _____

A

smaller & more precise muscular contractions (eye muscles)

45
Q

Types of skeletal muscle fibres

A

slow twitch
fast twitch

46
Q

Slow fibres colour is ____ (due to numerous______)

A

red
mitochondria & myoglobin

47
Q

diameter of slow twitch fibre

A

narrow

48
Q

slow twitch fibres are ____to contract, resistant to ___, but _____ contractions.
ATP produced by _______ ( ____).

A

slow
fatigue
less powerful
mitochondria through aerobic metabolism
(slow mechanism)

49
Q

slow twitch fibre blood flow

A

More extensive network of capillaries (greater blood flow to deliver oxygen)

50
Q

slow twitch fibres are associated with ____

A

large muscles such as leg or gluteal muscles

51
Q

Fast fibres colour is ____. _____diameter, has a ______reserve and ____mitochondria
_____contractions (_____amount of ATP), but _____rapidly.

A

white
Larger
large glycogen
few
Powerful
large
fatigue

52
Q

fast twitch fibres: ATP generated by _____ . convert stored _____which results in _____ which interferes with )

A

anaerobic glycolysis
glycogen to lactic acid
acidic pH
contraction

53
Q

fast twitch fibres are associated with _____

A

eye & hand muscles

54
Q

muscle tone (resting tension) (def.)

A

Some motor units are always active (even at rest) but tension is not enough to cause movement

55
Q

Isometric contraction (def.)

A

tension never exceeds the resistance/load (active muscle does not change in length with contraction)

56
Q

Isotonic contraction (def.)

A

tension produced is equal or greater than resistance/load (results in a movement)

57
Q

Two types of isotonic contraction

A

concentric
eccentric

58
Q

concentric contraction (def.)

A

shortening of an active muscle (load is less than max tension of muscle)

59
Q

eccentric contraction (def.)

A

lengthening of an active muscle

60
Q

skeletal muscles attaches on ____

A

individual bones or soft tissue (skin = muscles of facial of expression)

61
Q

skeletal muscles can cross ____

A

one or multiple joints

62
Q

skeletal muscles pull a bone towards _____

A

another so that movement is produced at a joint

63
Q

skeletal muscles can stabilize _____ so other muscles can _____

A

a joint
act & produce movement
(ex. wrist extensors stabilize the wrist joint when finger flexors contract to grasp firmly an object)

64
Q

action (def.)

A

type of movement (function of muscle)

65
Q

insertion (def.)

A

muscle attachment to moveable bone

66
Q

origin (def.)

A

muscle attachment to stationary bone

67
Q

A lever is _____

A

a rigid structure (a bone)

68
Q

A lever moves on a fixed point known as ______

A

fulcrum (Fc) (a joint)

69
Q

The lever moves a _____

A

weight (W) (any load/resistance that may oppose the muscle contraction)

70
Q

Force (F) (_____) required to move weight generated by _____

A

muscle
muscle contraction

71
Q
A

first class lever

72
Q

First class lever increases _______ but requires ____

A

range & speed of movement
larger force

73
Q
A

second class lever

74
Q

second class lever increases ____ but at the expense of _____

A

force,
range & speed of movement (wheel-barrow)

75
Q
A

third class lever

76
Q

third class lever increase ______ but at the expense of ____

A

range & speed of movement
force

77
Q

most common lever in body

A

third class lever

78
Q

Types of primary muscle actions

A

Agonist (prime mover)
Synergist
Antagonist
Fixators

79
Q

Agonist (def.)

A

contraction produces a particular movement (ex. biceps femoris muscle flexes the leg at knee joint)

80
Q

Synergist (def.)

A

assists prime mover in performing an action (ex. semitendinosus muscle will also flex the leg at knee joint)

81
Q

Antagonist (def.)

A

opposes the movement (ex. quadriceps femoris muscle extends the leg at knee joint, thus opposes movement of the biceps femoris & semitendinosus muscles)

82
Q

Fixators (def.)

A

agonist & antagonist muscles contracting at the same time to stabilize a joint (all previous muscles contracting while standing up, stabilizing the knee joint)

83
Q

muscle action & muscle function

A

muscle action is not always muscle function

84
Q

parallel muscles have fascicles that are _____ to long axis of muscle

A

parallel

85
Q

most common muscle types

A

parallel muscles

86
Q

parallel muscles are either ____

A

flat band or spindle-shaped

87
Q

spindle-shaped parallel muscles have a central portion called ____

A

a belly

88
Q

during contraction, spindle muscles gets ___ & belly gets ___

A

shorter
wider

89
Q

parallel muscles exert great force because _____

A

all fascicles pull in same direction

90
Q

parallel muscles examples

A

biceps brachii (arm), rectus abdominis (abdomen)

91
Q

Convergent muscles shape

A

fan-shaped

92
Q

Convergent muscles: fascicles arrangement

A

originate over wide area, but converge at common attachment site

93
Q

Convergent muscles: _____ can be changed by varying which fascicles contract

A

direction of pull

94
Q

Convergent muscles do not _____

A

exert as much force because not all fascicles pull in same direction

95
Q

Convergent muscles examples

A

pectoralis major (chest), trapezius (shoulder)

96
Q

Pennate muscles: Tendons run ____

A

through body of muscle (like a feather)

97
Q

Pennate muscles: Fascicles form _______

A

oblique angle relative to tendon

98
Q

Pennate muscles contains more ____ than _____

A

muscle fibres
parallel muscle of same size
(generate more force)

99
Q

Unipennate (def.)

A

muscle fibres on one side of the tendon; extensor digitorum (forearm)

100
Q

Bipennate (def.)

A

muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon; rectus femoris (thigh)

101
Q

Multipennate (def.)

A

tendon branches within the muscle; deltoid (shoulder)

102
Q

circular muscles have their fibres arranged ____ (form ___)

A

concentrically around an opening or recess (form sphincters)

103
Q

circular muscles contraction of muscle does what?
Examples: _____

A

reduces diameter of opening
orbicularis oculi (eye), orbicularis oris (mouth)

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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