Part 3: Appendicular musculature Flashcards by Tami Ojewole

Major characteristics of the appendicular musculature

1) Innervation by spinal nerves forming plexuses (with exception of trapezius - CN XI spinal accessory nerve)
2) Attachments on axial & appendicular skeleton
3) Movements: muscle contractions cause a limb segment to move in a specific plane at a given joint

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Limb muscles are organized into ______(each is innervated by ______)

compartments
a specific nerve branch of a plexus

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Upper limbs are innervated by _____ except ____

by branches of the brachial plexus (levels C5 to T1 of spinal cord) except trapezius (CN XI – spinal accessory n.)

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Fur major muscle groups crossing upper limb joints

Shoulder (pectoral girdle)
Arm
Forearm
Hand

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Upper limb joints are designed for ____(rather than ____).

mobility
stability

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Major functions of the upper limb musculature

1) Muscles positioning the pectoral girdle
2) Muscles moving the arm
3) Muscles moving the forearm & hand
4) Muscles moving the hand & digits

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Label Muscles moving the pectoral girdle (shoulder)

1) Trapezius: Occipital & spinous processes to clavicle & scapular spine; elevator, retractor, & depressor of scapula
2) Levator scapulae: Transverse processes to superior vertebral border of scapula; Elevator of scapula
3) Rhomboids (major & minor): Spinous processes to vertebral border of scapula; Retractors of scapula
4) Serratus anterior: Ribs to vertebral border of scapula (anterior surface); Protractor of scapula

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To move arm up, these muscles contract

Trapezius (lower) + Trapezius (upper)
Serratus anterior

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Pectoralis minor attaches where? does what?

anteriorly to girdle
Depresses & protracts scapula; elevates ribs

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To move arm down, these muscles contract

pectoralis minor (brings hand down)
levator scapulae (contract up)
rhomboids (contract up)

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label muscles moving the arm

Pectoralis major: Ribs/sternum, clavicle to lateral side of intertubercular sulcus; Arm adductor, flexor & medial rotator

Deltoideus: Clavicle & scapular spine to deltoid tuberosity; Major arm abductor; arm flexor & medial
rotator (anterior part)

Subscapularis: Subscapular fossa to lesser tubercle; Medial arm rotator

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label muscles moving the arm

Deltoideus: Clavicle & scapular spine to deltoid tuberosity; Major arm abductor; arm extensor & lateral rotator (posterior part)

Latissimus dorsi: Spinous processes, ribs, iliac crest to the intertubercular sulcus (middle); Powerful arm retractor; arm extensor, adductor & medial rotator

Teres major: Inferior angle of scapula to medial side of intertubercular sulcus; Arm extensor & medial rotator (assists latissimus dorsi)

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label muscles moving the arm

Supraspinatus: Supraspinous fossa to greater tubercle;Arm abductor (assists deltoid)

Infraspinatus: Infraspinous fossa to greater tubercle;Lateral arm rotator

Teres minor: Axillary border to greater tubercle; Lateral arm rotator

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Rotator cuff muscles

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis

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Tendons of SITS muscles reinforce _____& hold the humeral head against _____

shoulder joint capsule
glenoid fossa (preventing dislocation of shoulder joint)

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The only muscle NOT on the greater tubercle is the ______

anterior muscle (subscapularis muscle = lesser tubercle)

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label muscles- the forearm at the elbow joint: flexors

Brachialis (deeper): Humeral shaft to coronoid process of ulna; Powerful forearm flexor (especially when pronated)

Brachioradialis: Above lateral epicondyle to styloid process of radius; Forearm flexor when half pronated

Biceps brachii (long & short heads): Scapula (above glenoid cavity & coracoid process) to radial tuberosity; Powerful forearm supinator; forearm flexor (especially strong when supinated); assists arm flexing

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label muscles- the forearm at the elbow joint: extensor

Triceps brachi (long, lateral, medial heads): under glenoid cavity, superior shaft of humerus, inferior shaft of humerus (deepest head) to olecranon process; Forearm extensor (assists in arm extension), antagonist of all 3 flexors

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Abduction of the wrist = ____
Adduction of the wrist = _____
All muscles attach at ____ for wrist joint

radial deviation
ulnar deviation
the carpals

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anterior muscles at wrist joint

Flexor carpi radialis: Hand flexor & abductor
Palmaris longus: Weak hand flexor (not always present)
Flexor carpi ulnaris: Hand flexor & adductor
Flexor retinaculum: Strong fibrous band forming roof of carpal tunnel

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anterior muscles at digits -intermediate layer

Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS): Finger flexor (insert on middle phalanges of digits 2,3,4,5)

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anterior muscles at digits -deep layer

Flexor pollicis longus (FPL): Radial shaft to distal phalanx of digit 1; Thumb (pollex) flexor
Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP): Ulnar shaft to distal phalanges of digits 2-5
Finger flexor

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Repetitive motion of flexor tendons can irritate their sheath coverings, leading to swelling & compression of median nerve in carpal tunnel

9 flexor muscle tendons_______ travelling through carpal tunnel (_____)

(FDS, FDP, FPL) & median nerve
Flexor retinaculum - anterior roof

Label Posterior muscles moving the hand at the wrist joint

Extensor carpi radialis longus & brevis: Hand extensor & abductor Extensor carpi ulnaris: Hand extensor & adductor All muscles attach at the carpals

Label Posterior muscles moving the digits

Extensor digitorum & extensor digiti minimi (5th digit) : Finger extensors (digits 2,3,4,5) Extensors (longus & brevis) & abductor pollicis (for thumb) : Thumb extensor & abductor All muscles attach at the distal phalanges (via extensor hood)

Muscles involved in supination of the wrist

supinator biceps branchii

Muscles involved in pronation of the wrist

pronator teres pronator quadratus pronator teres

Both pronator teres and quadratus go from ____ (pronator teres has an additional head on the ___)

ulna to radius medial epicondyle

Hypothenar muscles are ____ and control ____

Flexor digiti minimi, Opponens digiti minimi, Abductor digiti minimi pinky finger

Thenar muscles are ____ and control ____

Flexor pollicis brevis, Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis thumb

Thenar & hypothenar muscles (important role for _______)

opposition of thumb & pinky finger

anterior muscles moving the digits

orange: 3 palmar interossei - finger adductors (digits 2,4,5) yellow: 4 lumbricals: Flexor of metacarpophalangeal joints but extensors for interphalangeal joints (Digits 2,3,4,5) since they attach on the extensor hood green: adductor pollicis: thumb pollicis purple: felxor pollicis brevis blue: opponens pollicis pink: abductor pollicis brevis

posterior muscles moving the digits

4 Dorsal interossei: Finger abductors (digits 2,3,4); Middle finger gets 2 dorsal interossei; little finger & thumb have their own abductors

power grip muscle activated

Active contraction of digital flexors muscles found in the forearm (ex. flexor digitorum profundus)

precision grip muscle activated

Active contraction of some short muscles found in the hand (ex. thenar & hypothenar muscles)

lower limb innervated by _____

branches of the lumbosacral plexus (levels L2 to S3 of spinal cord)

Four major muscle groups crossing lower limb joints:

Hip (pelvic girdle) Thigh Leg Foot

Lower limb joints are designed for _____(with various degrees of _____depending on joint).

stability mobility

________ are all important functional roles of the lower limb.

Locomotion, posture, & balance

Major functions of the lower limb musculature

Muscles moving the thigh Muscles moving the leg Muscles moving the foot & toes (digits)

label muscle moving the thigh at hip joint

Gluteus minimus : Ilium to greater trochanter; Thigh abductor & medial rotator Gluteus medius: Iliac crest to greater trochanter ; Thigh abductor & medial rotator Gluteus maximus: Iliac crest & sacrum to gluteal tuberosity ; Thigh (hyper) extensor & lateral rotator (good for running & climbing)

The lesser gluteal muscles (gluteus medius & minimus muscles keep _____

the pelvis from tilting down on unsupported side (side of swinging leg) during walking

label muscles at thigh (hip joint)

Iliopsoas (iliacus + psoas major): Iliac fossa & transverse processes to lesser trochanter; Thigh flexor Adductor muscle group:(magnus, longus, brevis): Pubis to linea aspera; Thigh adductor, flexor, & medial rotator

label anterior thigh muscles

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris & vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis): ASIS & femoral shaft to tibial tuberosity via patella; Leg extensor; Thigh flexor (rectus femoris only) Sartorius: ASIS to medial side of tibial tuberosity; Thigh & leg flexor; abduction & lateral rotation

label posterior muscles moving leg at the knee point

Semitendinosus: Medial condyle of tibia Semimembranosus :Medial condyle of tibia Biceps femoris (long & short heads): Lateral condyle of tibia & head of fibula All are leg flexors & thigh extensors at hip joint

label posterior muscles moving the foot at the ankle joint

Gastrocnemius (superficial): Medial & lateral femoral condyles; flexor at the knee Soleus (deeper): shafts of both the tibia & fibula *Both muscles (also known as triceps surae) are powerful foot plantarflexors Calcaneal (Achilles) tendon (attach to the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus)

flexor digitorium longus

Tibia to distal phalanges (digits 2,3,4,5); Foot plantarflexors & digit flexors

tibialis posterior

Tibia & fibula to tarsals; Foot plantarflexors & digit flexors

flexor hallucis longus

Fibula to distal phalanx of 1st digit (big toe); Foot plantarflexors & digit flexors

label posterior muscles moving the foot at the ankle joint

red: flexor digitorium longus yellow: flexor hallucis longus blue: tibialis posterior

label Muscles moving the digits of the foot

Extensor digitorum longus: Tibia to distal phalanges (digits 2,3,4,5); Toe extensor (digits 2,3,4,5) Extensor hallucis longus: Fibula to distal phalanx of 1st digit; Big toe (hallux) extensor Tibialis anterior: Tibia to 1st metatarsal superiorly; Foot dorsiflexor & inverter

label anterior muscles moving the foot at the ankle joint

2 fibularis (peroneus) muscles (longus & brevis): Fibula to metatarsals inferiorly; Foot everters & plantarflexors Fibularis longus – support arches of foot